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Rhiannon's NCE Study Guide > Social and Cultural Foundations > Flashcards

Social and Cultural Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Define Multiculturalism.

A

Multiculturalism is the study of race, culture and ethnicity.

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2
Q

Define culture.

A

Culture is the shared patterns of learned practices, communication patterns, morals, and aesthetic standards in a given group or community.

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3
Q

Define Enculturation

A

Enculturation is the process of acquiring the patterns and characteristics of the given culture.

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4
Q

The process of retaining one’s cultural practices while incorporating the elements of the dominant US culture is referred to as ________ ___________.

A

Cultural Pluralism

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5
Q

The ACA has a branch which deals exclusively with multicultural issues. The branch is AMCD which stands for _________

A

The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

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6
Q

When a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties, this is referred to as _____ _______

A

Cultural Conflict.

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7
Q

_________ refers to the majority culture.

A

Macroculture.

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8
Q

_______ _______ refers to the fact that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture.

A

Cultural Relativism.

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9
Q

In order to diagnose a client from a different culture, the counselor will need what?

A

Information regarding the client’s culture.

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10
Q

Books, paintings, homes and tools of a culture are examples of what?

A

Material Culture.

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11
Q

What is the opposite of material culture, and give an example.

A

Non-material culture. An example would be customs, values, humor, social ideas, and traditions.

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12
Q

A counselor’s understanding, respect and use of cultural relativism is the opposite of cultural tunnel vision. It is known as ________ _________.

A

Cultural Awareness.

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13
Q

In the US, each socioeconomic group represents a ________

A

Culture.

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14
Q

Race and Ethnicity are different. Race is based on _______.

A

Genetics. You can visibly tell a person’s race, whereas you can’t always tell a person’s ethnicity.

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15
Q

______ _______ is a term used to describe the cultural patterns common to a country.

A

National Culture.

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16
Q

When a group of people vehemently opposes the values of the macroculture, they are said to be members of a ____________

A

Counterculture.

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17
Q

Name 3 theorists that are often mentioned as being instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement.

A
  1. Freud.
  2. Durkheim
  3. McDougall.
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18
Q

Who is considered one of the founders of modern sociology, and wrote Rules of Sociological Method?

A

Emile Durkheim.

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19
Q

In addition to writing a book about the Sociological Method, and being one of the founders, Emile Durkheim was known for his work and study of what topic?

A

Suicide.

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20
Q

Who is the Father of Hormic Psychology (which is a Darwinian concept about individuals in or out of groups have innate drives and suggested eugenics in order to make a stronger gene pool?

A

William McDougall.

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21
Q

Which 2 theorists (one believing that sex and aggression drive behavior, and the other based his theory on fish who continued fighting after the target was removed from the tank) believed in “innate aggressor theory?”

A
  1. Freud

2. Lorenz

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22
Q

Followers of this theory believe that aggression is LEARNED, and that children who see violence in adults may mimic it.

A
  1. Social Learning Theory.
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23
Q

Albert Bandura is known for Social Learning Theory, which is also referred to as ________ ___________.

A

Observational Learning.

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24
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 permit.

A

It permitted black people to have basic rights such as eating in restaurants, hotels, etc. It prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion and national origin.

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25
Q

Who wrote Seasons of a Man’s Life and the sequel, Seasons of a Woman’s Life and believed that midlife crises occurred in men between 40-45 and women 5 years earlier?

A

Daniel Levinson.

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26
Q

What are the 3 factors which enhance interpersonal attraction?

A
  1. Close proximity
  2. Physical attraction
  3. Similar beliefs
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27
Q

_______ is the study of proximity and relates to personal space, interpersonal distance and territoriality.

A

Proxemics.

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28
Q

______ ________ studied proxemics and discovered that friendship and attraction were highest for apartment dwellers living next door to one another. (also known as propinquity)

A

Leon Festinger.

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29
Q

Explain the concept of contextualism.

A

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the in the culture which the behavior occurs.

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30
Q

Who is the Father of Guidance, who also happened to acknowledge significance of culture?

A

Frank Parsons.

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31
Q

Carol Gilligan criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development because____________.

A

It was more applicable to boys than girls.

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32
Q

The ______ _______ movement helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.

A

Civil Rights Movement

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33
Q

Intercultural counseling is just another name for _______ _______

A

Multicultural Counseling.

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34
Q

What were Arthur Jensen’s views on ethnicity and IQ?

A

He tried to prove that black people had lower IQ’s due to genetic factors.

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35
Q

What is Tarkoff’s Duty to Warn?

A

This resulted in the counselor’s duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence.

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36
Q

A term that’s synonymous with the probable outcome of a case is ________.

A

Prognosis.

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37
Q

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she is referring to what?

A

Recommendations.

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38
Q

Name an issue with the DSM

A

Even though it lists a bunch of diagnoses, it doesn’t recommend any particular forms of treatment.

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39
Q

Research suggests that poor economic conditions correlate highly with ________.

A

Aggression.

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40
Q

In most cases, a client would prefer a counselor of the same ______ as he or she.

A

Race and similar cultural background.

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41
Q

The Frustration-Aggression theory is associated with which 2 theorists?

A

John Dollard and Neal Miller.

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42
Q

Explain the Frustration-Aggression Theory.

A

Dollard and Miller’s theory states that when a person is blocked from what he’s trying to reach (a goal) this breeds frustration.

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43
Q

How would Albert Ellis, the Father of Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory feel about the Frustration-Aggression Theory.

A

He’d disagree, because he thinks going from frustration to aggression transpires due to the client’s irrational thought process rather than an automatic response or biological drive.

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44
Q

The term that describe someone losing their identity is _______.

A

Deindividuation.

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45
Q

What have studies found about the relation to violence and access to weapons?

A

The presence of a weapon increases the probability and levels of violence.

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46
Q

What is the number one method of suicide in this country?

A

Death by firearm.

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47
Q

Leon Festinger is popular for what balance theory?

A

Cognitive dissonance.

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48
Q

Explain cognitive dissonance.

A

Cognitive dissonance is the dissonance (or discourse) that a person feels when they have 2 beliefs that don’t coincide.

49
Q

Culture is said to be normative. What does this mean?

A

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

50
Q

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes what?

A

Cultural norms describe how people are supposed to act.

51
Q

________ are beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

A

Mores.

52
Q

__________ are similar to mores. The difference is that breaking mores result in punishment and can bring harm to the group. Breaking __________ generally cause embarrassment.

A

Folkways.

53
Q

___________, the Father of Guidance, was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

A

Frank Parson. He also wrote Choosing a Vocation.

54
Q

__________ and his colleagues are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the US.

A

Frank Parsons!!

55
Q

_________ Culture implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors based on climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment.

A

Ecological Culture.

56
Q

Clemmont Vontress suggested that multicultural counselors should remember that we are all part of a ________ culture.

A

Universal Culture.

57
Q

When it comes to culture, Maslow would likely value _______ culture over all other forms of culture.

A

Universal culture because he said we all have universal needs, which he points out in his Hierarchy of Needs.

58
Q

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by ______ Culture.

A

Universal Culture.

59
Q

This group has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different.

A

The Human Genome Project.

60
Q

Early vocalizations in infants occurs most in what group (trick question!!!)

A

No one group; it’s nearly identical in all cultures across the globe.

61
Q

A kid usually says it’s first word around a year old. Then the kid might say things like “me eat” or “I Rhiannon”. What are these little one-two word phrases called?

A

Holophrases.

62
Q

In the 1920’s Emory Bogardus developed a scale that measured what?

A

The Bogardus data measured how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

63
Q

______________ can be defined as that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic or cultural attributes.

A

Ethnicity.

64
Q

This obedience phenomenon which was introduced by Freedman and Fraser describes steps to get a person to do an undesirable task.

A

The Foot in the Door has 2 steps.

  1. When a person agrees to a less repugnant request
  2. Then he/she will then be more likely to comply with a more distasteful request.
65
Q

_______ Culture indicates a country’s official language, stated viewpoint, and central gov’t.

A

National Culture.

66
Q

Culture and _______ are similar but have distinct differences. Culture is defined primarily via norms and values whereas a __________ is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

A

Society..

67
Q

_____________ is defined as the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. It conveys one’s own ethnic group is superior.

A

Ethnocentrism.

68
Q

_____________ promotes stability, pride, a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty, however it can be a danger in the nuclear age.

A

Ethnocentrism.

69
Q

According to Levine and Campbell, ethnocentricity is truly ________ phenomenon in which the ethnic group tries to prove it is superior.

A

Universal.

70
Q

____________ suggests that ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture.

A

Acculturation.

71
Q

Regardless of culture, this skill is characteristic of a popular person.

A

The person with good social skills.

72
Q

This term, which is derived from the statistical concept that the mode which is used to describe the score which occurs most frequently, refer to a composite personality, which is the most typical profile of a given group of people.

A

Modal Personality.

73
Q

Social Exchange Theory postulates what?

A

That a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

74
Q

Saying to a family member, “As long as I pay the bills, you will do the chores” is an example of what theory of relationships?

A

Social Exchange Theory, which is based on behavioral psychology and economic.

75
Q

Many counselors don’t like the Social Exchange Theory’s explanation of relationships. They prefer the Complementary Theory which postulates what?

A

It states that a relationship becomes stronger as the 2 people’s personality needs mesh.

76
Q

_______ Theory postulates a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency and a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

A

Balance Theory.

77
Q

_______ ________ and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

A

Financial security.

78
Q

About 9.8% or 3.5 million people in this age group are near the poverty line.

A

Older adults, who are aged 65 and over.

79
Q

Explain the Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline theory in relation to older adults.

A

It postulates that older adults dramatically decrease intellectual functioning. There is a change, but it’s not dramatic. It’s only dramatic around 5 years before death.

80
Q

What is the Cultural Approach to Normality?

A

It states that the behavior of the majority of people in a culture, is what’s considered normal.

81
Q

A counselor seeing someone from another culture would expect ____ conformity than he would of someone from the same culture.

A

Less.

82
Q

Finish the sentence. ‘Although it’s frequent that someone goes to see a stranger for a service in this culture, _______________

A

In some cultures, it’s viewed as strange to go and see someone for help and for them to receive pay.

83
Q

In E. Fuller Torrey’s book The Mind Game: Witch Doctore and Psychiatrists, he explains that in Nigeria, helpers have accepted ____ _____in lieu of payment of a fee. He also notes that in other cultures, payment isn’t given unless the treatment is successful.

A

A female client as a wife, in lieu of payment.

84
Q

In Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance, a man who paid $20,000 for a Rolex would likely do what after making the purchase?

A

He’d likely seek out information that supports his purchase. He’d also look for negative info on other watches to justify his purchase.

85
Q

Explain the Bystander Effect.

A

When a crime, or any other situation occurs when someone needs help, the chances of the victim receiving help decreases as the crowd increases.

86
Q

Middle and upper-class people are taught that ________ is a virtue. Therefore, if a client of this ilk is seeing a therapist, they’d want assistance in figuring out how to work out a situation on his/her own.

A

Independence.

87
Q

For a client who puts great value in authority figures, would appreciate an ________ _________ model the most.

A

An active-directive model.

88
Q

Cognitive Dissonance research deals mostly with _____ and ______ formation.

A

Cognitions and attitude formation. The discomfort comes from discrepancies between cognitions and attitudes.

89
Q

Parents who tolerate no use of aggression would most likely produce children who a _______ aggressive.

A

Less aggressive.

90
Q

Which form of counseling has been used more than any other models to help promote understanding between races and cultures?

A

Rogerian Person-Centered Counseling.

91
Q

Rogerian is the preferred mode of counseling to use with multicultural populations. There is an exception to this rule though. Describe.

A

Rogerian may not be optimal with clients who put a premium on figures of authority. They would expect advice, direction from the therapist, and he/she wouldn’t get it in this mode of counseling.

92
Q

What percentage of minorities quite counseling after the first session and why?

A

They quit because they end up feeling like they aren’t getting what they need. They may be looking for direction, advice, which isn’t appropriate. The counselor’s job isn’t to advise.

93
Q

When a client psychologically surrenders himself to the counselor for a different culture, and becomes open to the counseling processes, what term describes this?

A

Therapeutic Surrender

94
Q

Flight from ____ is a term which is used to describe when a client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties.

A

Flight from Reality.

95
Q

According to Assimilation-______ Theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (an assimilation error). Therefore he or she would perceive dissimilar attitudes to be ___________

A

Even more dissimilar (contrast error)

96
Q

A common mistake in cultural counseling is a counselor mistaking _________ for therapeutic resistance.

A

Negative transference.

97
Q

Counselors sometimes deal with clients of a different culture, through a monolith perspective. What does this mean?

A

The counselor perceives everyone in a given cultural group the exact same way. He/she is judging and doesn’t see the person as an individual.

98
Q

Most counselors find it easier to work with AND empathize with someone from a ______ culture.

A

similar culture.

99
Q

The act of the counselor in multicultural counseling, explaining the roles of counselor and counselor is known as _______..

A

Structuring.

100
Q

When a client speaks to a counselor, using slang, and the counselor misunderstands the interaction, this is an example of ______ _______.

A

Connotative Error.

101
Q

This famous court case in 1954 was a major historical factor in the multicultural counseling movement.

A

Brown vs. Board of Education.

102
Q

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint, which means?

A

That a “culture specific” perspective, from the world phonemic, which means sounds in a particular language.

103
Q

When a counselor states that he treats all clients the same, regardless of culture, he’s working from what view point?

A

Etic Viewpoint.

104
Q

A therapist who goes to research a client’s culture, in order to better her chances of helping the client, is working from a ______ viewpoint.

A

Emic Viewpoint.

105
Q

A counselor who tells his client to change his environment in order to deal with the problem, is working from what viewpoint?

A

Alloplastic Viewpoint.

106
Q

A counselor who urges the client to change or adapt himself to his environment in order to deal with the issue is working from what viewpoint?

A

Autoplastic Viewpoint.

107
Q

_____ refers to popular multicultural term which occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past.

A

Ambivalent transference. It lends itself to uncertainty.

108
Q

Personalism, in the context of multicultural counseling means…..?

A

All people must adjust to environment and geological demands.

109
Q

When people of a certain culture retain traditions, yet adopt characteristics of the majority, this is called _____ _____.

A

Cultural pluralism.

110
Q

Allport’s theory, _________ _______, proves that performing a task is often done better around others than alone.

A

Social Facilitation.

111
Q

Name the phenomenon in Social Psychology that asserts that after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

A

The Sleeper Effect.

112
Q

In 1908 which 2 dudes introduced social psychology in America?

A

McDougall and Ross.

113
Q

Who was the famous person who studied the “shocking” obedience of yale students, in relation to authority figures?

A

Stanley Milgram.

114
Q

In ________ children, the tendency to affiliate with others is highest.

A

First Borns and only children.

115
Q

Kurt Lewin discusses 3 types of conflict which result in frustration. What are they?

A
  1. Approach-Approach–the individual is presented with 2 equally attractive options simultaneously.
  2. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict–the individual is presented with 2 negative alternatives.
  3. Approach-Avoidance conflict-a negative and a positive alternative,
116
Q

According to Osgood and Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client is more likely to accept suggestions more readily, if coming from a counselor he ________

A

IN congruity theory, a person is more likely to accept suggestions from someone they like.

117
Q

Which is more optimal in counseling? Viewing the world as a salad bowl or a melting pot?

A

A salad bowl. The ingredients in a salad maintain their individuality, but it’s all cohesive. It has variety. A melting pot is mixed, but it’s homogenous as well. Boring.

118
Q

Solomon Asch was a big name in what subject?

A

Conformity.

119
Q

What study involved 2 teams of 11 yr old boys who were rivals. It was found that the most effective way to decrease hostility between 2 groups was to have them work on a task where cooperation was necessary. The task couldn’t be completed by one group.

A

Robbers Cave Experiment.

Rhiannon's NCE Study Guide (5 decks)

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