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Psychology p3 > Theories of behaviour change > Flashcards

Theories of behaviour change Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the theories of behaviour change applied to addiction

A
  • Theory of planned behaviour
  • Prochaska’s 6 stage model of behaviour change
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2
Q

Outline the premise of theory of planned behaviour

A
  • We change out behaviour deliberately through rational desicions.
  • The TPB asserts that our behaviour can then be predicted from our intentions.
  • The TPB suggests our intention to use (or give up) drugs arises from 3 key influences: our personal attitudes, subjective norms and percieved behavioural control.
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3
Q

How many components are there for the theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

A

4

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4
Q

What are the components of the theory of planned behaviour

A
  1. Personal attitudes
  2. subjective norms
  3. percieved behaviour control
  4. behavioural intention
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5
Q

What can the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) explain

A

TPB can explain why someone may be successful in quitting addictive behaviours and why someone else might not.

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6
Q

TPB

Outline 1. personal attitudes

A

An addicted persons attitudes are a combination of favourable and unfavourable opinions about their addiction.
Favourable attitudes of addiction come about if the person believes the outcome accociated with gambling (/the addiction) is positive. Attitudes may become unfavourable which leads to a reduced interest in addiction-related behaviour.

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7
Q

1. Personal attitudes

Accourding to Theory of planned beahaviour (TPB) what will be the outcome for a gambler who evaluates to find they have a negative attitude towards gambling

A

they will likely form an intention to gamble less

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8
Q

Outline 2. Subjective norms

A
  • Subjective norms are the addicted persons’ beliefs about whether those who matter to them most approve or disapprove of their addictive behaviour.
  • The beliefs are based on what the addicted person belives to be the normal behaviour.
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9
Q

2. Subjective norms

According to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) what will be the outcome of the addict believing their friends and family would be unhappy with them gambling.

A

This would likely lead to them forming an intention not to gamble and therefore making them less likely to actually gamble.

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10
Q

Where have 2. subjective norms been used in real life

A

O’Connell et al 2009:
found that the students often overestimate the amount their peers are drinking so drink more to keep up with the percieved norm

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11
Q

Outline 3. Percieved behavioural control

A
  • percieve behavioural control is about how much control we believe we have over our behaviour (i.e. self-efficacy)
  • Their percieved behavioural control depends on their perception of the resources available to them, both external (time, support) and internal (ability and effort).
  • It can have 2 effects - direct or indirect
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12
Q

Explain what is mean by directly and indirectly effecting behaviour in 3. Percieved behaviour control

A
  • Indirectly: it can influences through intentions - the more control they believe they have the stronger their ability to do so.
  • directly: the greater their percieved control over their gambling the longer and harder they will try to stop.
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13
Q

how do therapist influence percieve behavioural control

A

By increasing an addicts self-efficacy they can help them quit and/or avoid relapse.
This is done by encouraging an optimistic outlook and confidence in their ability along with the understanding that quitting/ abstaining will require effort.

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14
Q

Outline 4. behavioural intention

A
  • Is the person likely to stop their addictive behaviour? will the treatment plan work?
  • This is the last stage and is made up of the 3 other stages:
    e.g. if they realise their addiction is dangerous, if their social group supports the change and if the individual believes they can succeed - then the treatment programme is more likely to work
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15
Q

Give research to support the Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

A

Pelling and white 2009

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16
Q

Outline Pelling and White 2009

A

Investigated the usefulness of TPB model in the prediction of use of social networking websites (SNW). They had participants complete 2 surveys a week apart.
The first asked standard TPB questions alongside questions to explore self-identity, belongingness and addictive tendencies.
The second asked the number of days they had made 4+ visits to a SNW.

17
Q

Give the findings of Pelling and White 2009

A

They found that the measure of self-identity was a good indicator of SNW activity but belongingness was not.
However both belongingness and self-identity were good predictors of addictive tendencies.

18
Q

Evaluate Pelling and White 2009

A
  • S - supports TPB’s usefulness in predicting likelihood of whether a young person is likely to engage in high-frequency use of SNW.
  • W - lacks temporal validity - e.g teams would be considered a SNW but it is now the basis of many businesses and school.
19
Q

Evaluate the theory of planned behaviour

A
  • S - research support: O’Connell et al 2009 and Pelling and White 2009
  • W - doesnt account for intention-behaviour where people behaviour doesn’t change despite their intentions this suggests that the theory doesnt predict behaviour change which means its cant be used to help change behaviour.
20
Q

How many components are there for Prochaska’s ☐-stage model of behaviour change

A

6

21
Q

What are the stages in Prochaska’s six-stage model of behaviour change

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation
  4. action
  5. maintenance
  6. termination
22
Q

Outline Prochaska’s six-stage model of behaviour change

what it is/ explains

A
  • It explains the stages people go through to change their behaviour.
  • It identifies 6 stages from not considering it at all to making permenant changes. The stages are not necessarily followed in a linear order.
23
Q

Prochaska

Outline 1. Precontemplation

give quote to desribe the stage

A
  • Due to denial or demotivation a person isnt trying to change in the near future (6 months)
  • Aim of this stage is getting a person to consider the need for change

‘ignorance is bliss’

24
Q

Prochaska

Outline 2. contemplation

give quote to desribe the stage

A
  • The individual is considering changing they are increasingly aware for the need but also the cost of less enjoyment
  • individuals can stay in this state for a long time so the most useful help is to get them to see the pros outweigh the cons

‘sitting on the fence’

25
Q

Prochaska

Outline 3. preparation

Give quote to describe the stage

A
  • The individual believes the benefits outweigh the costs, they have decided to change within the next month. They have yet to decide how and when
  • useful form of intervention is support in constructing the plan

‘okay I’m ready for this’

26
Q

Prochaska

Outline 4. action

include quote to describe the stage

A
  • people at this stage have done something to change their behaviour in the last 6 months e.g. cognitive/ behavioural therapy, poured their alcohol down the sink, cut up their cigerettes.
  • Effective intevention focuses on developing coping skills to maintain their change of behaviour so they can move to the next stage.

‘let’s do this’

27
Q

Prochaska

Outline 5. maintenance

include quote to desribe stage

A
  • The individual has maintained some change of behaviour for more than 6 months.
  • The focus is on relapse prevention - avoid cues that trigger
  • Intervention focuses on relapse prevention, and aims to help apply the coping skills and use the support available

‘stay on track’

28
Q

Prochaska

Outline 6. termination

include quote to describe stage

A
  • Newly required behaviours such as abstinance become automatic.
  • The individual no longer relapses
  • It may be an unrealistic goal for some people to achieve so they should focus on prolonging maintenance as long as they can.
  • No intervention is required.

‘i did it’

29
Q

Give research for Prochaska’s six-stage model of behaviour change

A

Velicer 2007

30
Q

Outline Velicer 2007

A

Velicer 2007:
a meta-analysis of 5 studies on smoking cessation based on the Prochaska’s model. They found they had a 22-26% success rate on correctly predicting if a client gave up smoking and that there was no demographic difference in success.

31
Q

Evaluate Velicer 2007

A
  • S - no demographic differences increases the universality of the model
  • W - sample was of only 5 studies - limited
  • W - low success rate in predicting cessation suggests that psychologists are missing something
32
Q

Evaluate Prochaska’s six-stage model of behaviour change

A
  • S - views recovery as a dynamic process - provides a more holistic view of addiction that is more forgiving by recycling the stages and therefore making it more likely that an individual will continue.
  • W - contradictory research from Taylor et al 2006’s metaanalysis which shows that the model is no more effective than alternatives e.g. the theory of planned behaviour.

Psychology p3 (24 decks)

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