Theories From Course overview

Question 1

Barthes - Semiotics

Answer 1

Texts communicate through signs

Signs give connotations and denotations

Question 2

Todorov - narratology

Answer 2

Equilibrium
Disruption
Recognition
Repair
New-equilibrium

Question 3

Neale - genre

Answer 3

Texts defined by conformity and divergence

Question 4

Levi-Strauss - structuralism

Answer 4

Binary opposites

Derrida: opposites are unequal

Question 5

Baudrillard - postmodernism

Answer 5

Hyperreality

Don’t know what’s real or fake

Question 6

Hall - representation

Answer 6

Represented through signs

Stereotypes are powerful - occur when imbalance of power

Question 7

Gauntlett - identity

Answer 7

Media gives us tools to make our identity

Media offers wide range of icons/role models

Question 8

Van Zoonen - feminist

Answer 8

Gender representation dependent on culture
Western culture objectifies women
Women’s bodies represented differently to men’s bodies

Question 9

Hooks - feminist theory

Answer 9

Feminism trying to end inequality of women

Sex/class/race all affect your exploitation

Question 10

Butler - gender performativity

Answer 10

Your identity doesn’t dictate how you act,

How you act dictates your identity

Question 11

Gilroy - ethnicity

Answer 11

Live in post-colonial landscape

Racial hierarchy exists

Question 12

Curran and Seaton - power and media industry

Answer 12

Media controlled by small powerful group
Production driven by profit
Media concentration limits variety/creativity

Question 13

Livingstone and Lunt - regulation

Answer 13

Regulation protects people, but also limits options

New media is hard to regulate

Question 14

Hesmondhalgh - cultural industries

Answer 14

Media production is cultural industry
- operate across multiple industries
Try to minimise risk and maximize profits
Vertical and horizontal integration

Question 15

Bandura - effects

Answer 15

Audiences imitate behaviour

Question 16

Gerbner - cultivation theory

Answer 16

Repeating ideas are implanted in audiences

First order effects: general opinions/beliefs

Second order effects: specific judgements/ideas

Question 17

Hall - reception theory

Answer 17

Dominant
Negotiated
Oppositional

Question 18

Jenkins - fandom

Answer 18

Fandoms: subcultures of passionate fans
Empowered by web 3.0
Textual poaching

Question 19

Shirky- end of audiences

Answer 19

Consumers also producers
Talk back to producers
Make changes
E.g Kendall Jenner pepsi ad pulled

Question 20

All theorists

Answer 20

Neale genre
Todorov narratology
Levi-Strauss structuralism
Barthes semiotics
Livingstone and Lunt regulation
Jenkins fandom
Shirky- end of audiences
Hooks feminist
Gilroy ethnicity
Butler - performative identity
Hall reception
Hall representation
Gerbner cultivation
Bandura effects
Curran and Seaton power and media industry
Hesmondhalg cultural industries
Baudrillard postmodernism
Gauntlett identity
van Zoonen feminist

Question 21

Lacey

Answer 21

5 aspects to genre:
setting, character, narrative, iconography, style
genres dynamic, changing over time

Question 22

Maslow

Answer 22

hierarchy of needs:

physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualisation

Question 23

Dyer

Answer 23

lines of appeal:
happy families, luxurious life, dreams, romance, elite people, glamorous places, successful careers, art/culture, nature, beautiful women, pride, comedy, childhood

Question 24

Fowles

Answer 24

15 basic appeals
sex, affiliation, nurture, guidance, aggress, achieve, dominate, prominence, attention, autonomy, escape, feel safe, aesthetic sensations, satisfy curiosity, physiological