Theories And Techniques Flashcards
Psychoanalytic therapy:
Sigmund Freud
Concentrates on the client’s past and her early childhood events.
Brings the clients unconscious to the conscious
Work through repressed conflict
Freud’s structure of personality
Id: pleasure principle, no sense of time, no maturity, chaotic
Ego: functions to contact real world. See saw between id and superego
Superego: moral, values, feelings of guilt
Sexual in aggressive impulses to personality development
Oedipus complex
Sons attraction for his mother
Electra complex
Daughter attraction for her father
Most controversial aspect of this theory is Oedipus complex
Catharsis / abreaction
Purging of emotions and feelings by giving them expression
Eros and Thanatos
Eros Greek god of love of life
Thanatos is the Greek word for death
Psychoanalytic techniques
Interputation help the client to gain insight both past and present events.
Dream analysis meaning of dream
Free association verbalizing whatever comes to mind
analyzes of resistance
Analyzes of transference
Freud psychoanalytical model was first counseling
Authored the interpretation of dreams.
Anna O. thought to be the first psychoanalytic patient diagnosed hysteria.
Little Hans Freud first his constructs of Oedipal complex and castration anxiety
Daniel schreber 9 years old unconscious homosexual feelings
Ego defense mechanism
Projection
Viewing another person’s feelings and ideas that are unacceptable so the other person seems to have these feelings and ideas
For example feeling like a coward and handling a situation but blaming the outcome on the coward of the other person
Ego defense mechanism
Introjection
Is the taking in, absorbing or incorporating into oneself the standards and values of another person
For example a client who has Incorporated his father’s values into his own thought patterns
Ego defense mechanism
Identification
Attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by taking on characteristics of someone else
For example Jane feels inferior. She’s the president of the women shelter. Every time she goes to a social event she will introduce herself and the president of the women’s shelter
Ego defense mechanism
Compensation
Means attempting to overcome be in Friday associated with feelings of inferiority in one area by concentrating on another.
Example ted feels stupid. Ted works out four hours a day in is taking dangerous steroids .
Ego defense mechanism
Reaction formation
Involve exaggerating and openly displayed a trait that is opposite of the tendencies that we do not want to recognize.
For example Morgan is obsessed with watching porn. Secretly he is doing the job because he wants to be able to view porn for free
Ego defense mechanism
Denial
Means of failing or refusing or acknowledge or deal with reality.
For example a kid has a broken arm from a car accident. The kid wants to play tennis and send in a form anyway
Ego defense mechanism
Rationalization
Justifying behavior one self and others
Example student not being upset for making an F and says straight A are for eggheads
Ego defense mechanisms.
Displacement
Means of the displacing or directing emotions onto a person or object other than the one who originally aroused the emotion.
For example, a man got a nickel raise but was expecting a dollar. Goals home and yells at wife.
Ego defense mechanisms
Sublimation
Is redirecting of unacceptable impulses into socially and culturally acceptable channel.
For example, aggressive male becoming a boxer.
Ego defense mechanisms
Repression
Is in unconscious process of blocking urges or traumatic experiences.
Is automatic and involuntary
Suppression differs from repression in that repression is automatic.
For example a couple witnesses the violent death of a coworker
Adlerian therapy
Individual psychology
The founder is Alfred alder
Help the client develop a healthy self-esteem and lifestyle through reeducation and restructuring.
Lifestyles, birth order, and family reconcile are emphasized by Alder
Carl Jung
Analytical psychology
Jung broadened Freud’s concept of the unconscious.
Jung used mandalas
Personality types: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuitive.
Bipolar personality type used in the Myers-Briggs type II indicator are associated with Jung.
Extroversion and introversion
By Jung
Introversion
Is a turning in towards oneself as the main source of pleasure.
Extroversion
Seeks pleasure and satisfaction in other
Erik Erickson
Psychosocial stages
Birth to one year- trust versus mistrust
1 year to 2 years – autonomy vs shame and doubt
3 to 5 years - initiative versus guilt
6 to 11 years- Industry versus inferiority
12 to 20 years- Identity versus role confusion
20-35 years- intimacy versus isolation
35-65 years- generativity versus stagnation
65 years and older- integrity versus despair
Harry stack Sullivan
Ego formation:
Protaxic- infancy, no concept of time and place.
Parataxic: early childhood; child excepts without questioning.
Syntactic: later childhood; child is able to evaluate his or her own thoughts and feelings
Existential humanistic therapy
Major figures:
Abraham Maslow- self actualization
Rollo May- existential US
Victor Frankl- founder of logotherapy
Focuses primarily on the clients perception in the here and now
Existential:
Be in the world is spoken of having three different patterns:
Unwelt - physical
Mitwelt- relationships
Eigenwelt- self identity
Victor frankl
Believe that there are three ways to discover meaning in one’s life
Doing a good deed
Experiencing a value
Suffering
Martin Buber
Coin the term “I-thou”
Meeting horizontally equal relationships with others
Person centered therapy
Existential approach
Major figure
Carl rogers
There are three for conditions of the therapist:
Congruence
Unconditional positive regard
Accurate empathy
Person centered model techniques
Reflection, confrontation, open ended questions, summarization, clarification, support, reassurance, and active listening
Gestalt therapy
Experiential approach
Gestalt does not translate exactly into English, but roughly means a:
Form, figure or configuration unified as a whole.
Focuses on the here and now
Gestalt therapy five layers of neuroses:
Phony layer- not authentic
Phobic layer- emotion pain
Impasse layer-feeling stuck, not trusting inner resources
Implosive layer- defenses are exposed
Explosive layer- pretenses and phony roles or abandoned
Gestalt techniques
Confrontation, empty chair, making rounds, top dog, and under dog.
Transactional analysis (TA)
Major figures:
Eric Berne
Thomas A. Harris
The goal is to exist the client and becoming a script free, game free, autonomous person who is capable of choosing how he or she wants to be
Transactional analysis (TA)
Asserts for life positions
I’m not OK – you’re OK
I’m not OK – you’re not OK
I’m OK – you’re not OK
I’m OK -you’re OK
Transitional analysis (TA)
Three Ego states
Parent
Behavior handed down from Parents and authority figures.
Adult
Logical, thinking, rational, deals with reality
Child
Source of childlike
Techniques to TA model
Confrontation, questioning, explanation, interpretation, contract:
-structural analysis of the personality, TA, game analysis, script analysis
TA Karpma drama triangle
Persecutor
Victim
Rescuer
3 levels oh games:
1st degree – played in social situations
2nd degree- played in intimate circles
3 degree- usually ends in jail, hospital, or death
Script analysis (TA)
Unpleasant feeling after a person creates a game are called lifescripts .
A life script is actually a life drama or plot
Behavioral therapy: classical conditioning
Major figures:
Ivan Pavlov
Joseph Wolfe
Behavioral therapy: classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned response (CR) Learned responses to a condition stimulus. Example: a dog produce saliva
Condition stimulus (CS) Stimulus through repeated Pairing Example: a bell ringing for the dog to come eat
Unconditioned responses (UCR) Doesn't require learning; unconditioned stimulus Four example: dog produce saliva when called for food.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Automatic condition response Example: pair bell rang with dog eating food
Behavioral therapy Joseph wolf systematic desensitization
Maintain that all neurotic behavior is an expression of anxiety.
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
- allows the client to rate threatening experiences In relation to the scale with higher ratings indicating a greater perceived threat.
Behavioral therapy operant conditioning\instrumental learning
Founded by BF Skinner who researched using rats.
Term behavior modification is based heavily on instrumental conditioning\Skinners principles, while behavior therapy emphasizes on a classical conditioning and Pavlov principles.
In operant conditioning,The behaviors increase or decrease in frequency as the result of the application of or withdrawal of rewards; this is known as reinforcement
Systematic desensitization consist of these orderly steps:
Relaxation training
Construction of anxiety hierarchy
Desensitization in imaginations
In vivo desensitization
Social learning theory behavioral therapy
Albert Badura and Richard Walters
Bo bo dolls experiment on children modeling aggression
Four types of conflict situations behavior therapy
Approach approach conflict: choosing between two desirable goals.
Approach avoidance conflict: one desirable goal and one bad goal.
Avoidance avoidance conflict: conflict around to undesirable goals
Double approach avoidance conflict: conflict involving both the approach and the avoidance of two different goals simultaneously
Neal miller
Operant conditioning behavior therapy
Was a pioneer researcher in biofeedback and learning theories.
He was The first to show the autonomic , meaning involuntary body processes can be controlled
Rational emotive Behavior therapy
(REBT)
Cognitive behavior
“Automatic” thoughts must be recognized and change. Founded by Albert Ellis
REBT uses th ABC’s of emotional disturbances
A- activating experiences B- belief C- consequences D- disputing of irrational ideas E- New emotional consequences or effect F- New feeling
REBT divided into three modes:
Cognitive, emotions, and behavior
REBT model
Epictetus
Philosophers who suggested we feel the same way we think
Musterbation
Describes a client who used to many should of, would, of must of in thinking.
Didactic means teaching
REBT is a didactic model of therapy
A counselor and strokes her client to read a guide to rational living by Albert Ellis in Robert harper
This is an example of a bibliography therapy
Biblbotherapy is a form of homework
Cognitive therapy
Major figures Aaron Beck and Donald Meichenbaum
BDI created the Beck Depression inventory (BDI)
Dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
Stress inoculation
A cognitive therapy is most closely associated with the concept is Donald meichenbaum.
Also called self instructional therapy three stages.
Stress inculcation training (SIT)
Reality therapy
Found it by William Glasser
Choice therapy: asserts that only behavior a person can control is one’s own
Addiction can be negative such as substance-abuse and work, and; therefore destructive or positive such as jogging or swimming, therefore; promotes self-confidence
Glasser formulated eight steps counseling process
Step one: good working relationships
Step two: present behavior identify
Step three: client judge her own behavior
Step four: alternative behaviors exam in and playing before action developed
Step five: commitment to action plan
Step six : no excuses except it
Step seven: had clients to commitment with no punishment
Step eight: never give up
William Glasser wrote:
Reality therapy, schools without failure and choice theory
Electric therapy or integrative therapy
Major figures Frederick Thorne Arnold Lazarus Robert Carkhuff Gordon Allport Gerard Egan
Eclectic counselors
Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the clients attributes, resources, and situation.
The word eclectic is associated with Fredrick C. Thorne
Neal Miller
Behavioral therapy
Was a pioneer a researcher in biofeedback and learning theory.
Biofeedback is a form of operant conditioning.
Elctromyogram (EMG) Is used to measure muscle tension during biofeedback training.
EEG is used to measure alpha brain waves which indicate that the client is awake but very relaxed.
EKG is used to measure the heart rate and patterns
GSR measures skin resistance to a slight electrical current when certain words or topics are brought up
