Culture Flashcards
Leon Festinger
Is associated with the theory of social comparison.
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with cognition and attitude formation.
Connotative error can occur when a counselor misunderstood what a client was trying to say.
William McDougall
Was influential in early social psychology
PB Peterson
Developed the triad model for training cross-cultural counselor
DW Sue
She found that minorities are less likely to see counseling.
Termination rate at that the first interview is 50% for minorities and 30% Anglos
Zimbardo
Did a prison study that demonstrated that people alter their behaviors to fit their assigned role
Family life cycle stages
Young adulthood Couples with no children Couples with children Family with adolescent children Launching phase Families in later life
Social context issues
Women in the workplace Teen pregnancy Aging Grief and loss: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Abuse Substance abuse Disabilities
For a basic type of conflict
Approach approach conflict
Approach avoidance conflict
Avoidance avoidance conflict
Double approach avoidance conflict
Aggression social learning theory
Aggression is learned found by Albert Bandura
Spirituality
Involve personal beliefs, such as those about ultimate human condition, a supreme being, or a unity with nature and the universe
Intrinsic versus extrinsic
Religiosity
Griffith and Rotter
Intrinsic religiosity:
Is religion belief that relates to all of life and is unprejudiced, tolerant, mature. This type of religion can enhance well-being.
Extrinsic religiosity:
Is said to be compartmentalized, prejudiced, Immature, self-serving. Extrinsic religiosity is it used as a defense mechanism as opposed to intrinsic religiosity which encourages growth and wellness.
The lead causes of death in the United States
Adults: heart disease, cancer, and strokes.
Adolescents: alcohol related accidents, homicide, and suicide
Infant: congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, short gestation/Low birth rate, and SIDS
Durkheim explains The sociological approach to suicide as a reaction to the societal pressure and influences: there are three types of suicide:
Egoistic
Anomic
Altruistic
Emic approach
Culture is study from within the system. Comparisons are made to internal structure and not to external systems or theories.
Emic counselors would become directly immersed in the culture by living within it and by believing that mental health is “relative”; what is “crazy” in one society is “sane” in another.
Emic view “emphasizes individual differences”
Emic approach counselor
Will help the client to understand his or her own culture
Etic approach
Culture is studied and understood in terms of how it differs from or is similar to other cultures shared dimensions.
Culture is examined from an external viewpoint; cultural differences are seen as surface variations of underlying structures shared by all.
Freud and Ellis are ethics with their concept postulated to “apply to everyone”.
Etic approach counselor
Focuses on the similarities and people; treating people as being the same
Autoplastic- alloplastic
Approach
Autoplastic:
Changes are changes in oneself; therefore, clients are encouraged to “change themselves” to accommodate the external circumstances.
Alloplastic
Changes are changes in the external environment; therefore, a clients outside world is manipulated to effect change
Autoplastic
Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment
Alloplastic
Occurs when the counselor has the Client try to change the environment
Cross cultural counseling
Will display knowledge of the different cultures of both their clients and self.
Will be culturally sensitive have skills and consulting and working indigenous network.
Will use techniques that’s appropriate.
Will be culturally competent.
Able to write in objective and culturally manner.
Two legislative activities that influence of multicultural counseling:
Brown versus the Kansas Board of Education
The civil rights act of 1964
Multicultural counseling
Refers to the preparation and practices that integrate multicultural and cultural specific awareness, knowledge, and skills into counseling interactions.
It is said to be the fourth force of counseling theory.
Research indicates their clients prefer a counselor of the same race and\or cultural background
Drop out rate of ethnic minority clients is about 50% fall in the first session
Therapeutic surrender
Client psychologically surrenders to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts
