Theories and Principles of Learning and Behavior Flashcards
The _________ mimics the ________ but __________
CR, UR, lesser
An unconditioned reflex is one that is ___________
Involuntary, the same for all members of a species
Relief
Negative reinforcement
Reward
Positive reinforcement
Bandura’s steps of observational learning
Attention, retention, production, motivation
Random behaviors are rewarded and punished, and rewarded behaviors increase
Thorndike’s law of effect
________ is accidental conditioning
Pseudoconditioning
Positive reinforcement
Reward
In habituation, a subject becomes less responsive to a ______ after _______
US, repeated exposure
Best schedule for acquiring new behaviors
Continuous reinforcement
Thorndike’s law of effect
Random behaviors are rewarded and punished, and rewarded behaviors increase
Spontaneous recovery
when the CR briefly reappears during extinction trials
The _______ response is renamed the ________ response after learning
unconditioned, conditioned
Premack principle
When a high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior
In ______ schedules, the subject is reinforced based on how often they emit the target behavior, whereas in _____ schedules, the subject is reinforced once a certain amount of time has elapsed
ratio, interval
Negative reinforcement
Relief
When two behaviors have been equally reinforced and then only one is reinforced, and that behavior increases while the other decreases
Behavioral contrast
In discrimination learning, the stimulus that signals reinforcement will take place is ________ while the stimulus that signals reinforcement will not take place is the _________
discriminative stimulus, s delta
Loss
Negative punishment
Stringing together different behaviors to accomplish a goal
Chaining
_______ conditioning involves some overlap, _______ conditioning involves total overlap, and _______ conditioning involves no overlap
delay, simultaneous, trace
The _______ stimulus is renamed the _______ stimulus after learning
neutral, conditioned
Higher order conditioning is when…
…a CS is paired with a NS until it also elicits the CR
Classical extinction happens when
the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
Temporary increase in behavior after withholding reinforcement
Response burst
In classical conditioning, learning is based on _________, whereas in operant conditioning, learning is based on _________
pairing, rewards and punishment
Pain
Positive punishment
When a high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior
Premack principle
Conditioning is another word for _________
learning
Negative punishment
Loss
__________ is when the CR briefly reappears during extinction trials
Spontaneous recovery
Pseudoconditioning
accidental conditioning
__________ is an automatic process in which the subject demonstrates the CR to stimuli similar to the CS, whereas _______ is a deliberate process in which the subject demonstrates the CR to new stimuli via pairing
Stimulus generalization, higher-order conditioning
Positive punishment
Pain
Reciprocal determination
Person, behavior, and environment regulate behavior
Bandura believed we perform behavior because _______
we anticipate reinforcement
Characteristics of models who are more likely to be imitated
High status, nurturant, of the same sex
A conditioned reflex is one that __________
results from learning and experience
The ________ stimulus must come before the ________ stimulus for learning to take place
neutral, unconditioned
US -> UR when _______
no learning has taken place
Rates of responding during acquisition and resistance to extinction from highest to lowest
Variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval, fixed interval
The _______ schedule is the most scalloped
Fixed interval
