Theories and methods Flashcards
What is a theory
Concept /framework that is stable and it must be fact based and testable!
What two functions does a theory have?
Description = trying to explain the behavior. Prediction = guess what is likely to happen in the future
What is the Iceberg metaphor?
personality is like an iceberg, only a small part is above water and what we can see is only the tip. The rest of personality is below water, we don’t see it, so we have to access it through e.g. dreams, psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freuds structure of personality is?
Id, ego and superego
Explain the ID (structure of personality)
Inherited instincts, we have no control over. “Pleasure principle” - whatever the instinct, the Id wants to immediately satisfy it. But this can not work in the real world. For exempel if someone makes you angry, you would like to hit them and that urge is what the Id whats to do.
Explain the EGO (structure of personality)
The ego tries to satisfy the Id but in a way that is socially acceptable. “reality principle” But it also wants to satisfy the superego, so it has to find a balance between the two.
Explain the SUPEREGO (structure of personality)
The superego is similar to the Id in that it is unreasonable. But instead of instincts, it’s ruled by “moral principles”. It’s the part that says it is wrong to lie, steal, murder etc
Name frueds five Developmental stages
Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency, Genital stage
Behaviorism states that
Conclusions about human development should be based on observations of overt (öppen) behavior
Tabula Rasa means?
Blank sheets of paper
Watson’s theory is
You are not born as anything, you are created by environment! Children are born as blank sheets of paper
Skinner’s theory on development is
A voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on it’s positive or negative consequences
The two types of Reinforcement according to skinner
Primary reinforcer:- something that target a primary biological need, e.g. food, water
Secondary reinforcer: those that are reinforcing because it gives you access to primary reinforces, e.g. money.
Bandura’s social learning theory is
Children learn by observing and imitating others
Lorenz’s concepts are
Imprinting, Critical period, Sensitive period
Sensitive period
a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
Critical period
limited time span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behavior
Imprinting
rapid, innate learning within a limited critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen
Bowlby’s attachment theory
Att barnet har inbyggda sociala signaler som uppmuntrar föräldrar att interagera med dem.
Bronfenbenner’s ecological systems theory
Ett barn utvecklas inom ett komplext system där allt påverkar varandra.
The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment
The ecological model has 6 systems which?
The individual, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
Microsystem
anything that is in direct contact with the individual, parents, friends, school
Mesosystem
the interactions between the individual members of the microsystems
Exosystem
incudes aspects that are not in direct contact with the child but will have an impact on the child, e.g. mass media, legal services, what sick leave or parental leave the parents are allowed from work
Macrosystem
the attitudes and ideologies of the society and culture. is it important to be independent? Or to get along with others?
Chronosystem
it is on a different dimension! Refers to the passage of time. And that influences all of the layers, because things change with time
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on?
the social and cultural aspects of the developmental process
Zone of proximal development (ZPD
children are capable of more then they display, if they are given the support for it
Microgenetic studies:
Man studerar en eller några individer väldigt intensivt under en kort tidsperiod.
Cross sequential design:
A strategic design combining cross sectional and longitudinal designs
Cross sectional design:
People of different ages are studied simultaneously
Advantages: speed and economy
Disadvantages: no information on long term course and cohort of effects
Longitudinal research:
Same individuals are studied repeatedly over time
Disadvantages: attrition (slitning), practice effects, tool validity(can’t use same tools for different ages), expensive
