Theories and methods

Question 1

What is a theory

Answer 1

Concept /framework that is stable and it must be fact based and testable!

Question 2

What two functions does a theory have?

Answer 2

Description = trying to explain the behavior. Prediction = guess what is likely to happen in the future

Question 3

What is the Iceberg metaphor?

Answer 3

personality is like an iceberg, only a small part is above water and what we can see is only the tip. The rest of personality is below water, we don’t see it, so we have to access it through e.g. dreams, psychoanalysis

Question 4

Sigmund Freuds structure of personality is?

Answer 4

Id, ego and superego

Question 5

Explain the ID (structure of personality)

Answer 5

Inherited instincts, we have no control over. “Pleasure principle” - whatever the instinct, the Id wants to immediately satisfy it. But this can not work in the real world. For exempel if someone makes you angry, you would like to hit them and that urge is what the Id whats to do.

Question 6

Explain the EGO (structure of personality)

Answer 6

The ego tries to satisfy the Id but in a way that is socially acceptable. “reality principle” But it also wants to satisfy the superego, so it has to find a balance between the two.

Question 7

Explain the SUPEREGO (structure of personality)

Answer 7

The superego is similar to the Id in that it is unreasonable. But instead of instincts, it’s ruled by “moral principles”. It’s the part that says it is wrong to lie, steal, murder etc

Question 8

Name frueds five Developmental stages

Answer 8

Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency, Genital stage

Question 9

Behaviorism states that

Answer 9

Conclusions about human development should be based on observations of overt (öppen) behavior

Question 10

Tabula Rasa means?

Answer 10

Blank sheets of paper

Question 11

Watson’s theory is

Answer 11

You are not born as anything, you are created by environment! Children are born as blank sheets of paper

Question 12

Skinner’s theory on development is

Answer 12

A voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on it’s positive or negative consequences

Question 13

The two types of Reinforcement according to skinner

Answer 13

Primary reinforcer:- something that target a primary biological need, e.g. food, water
Secondary reinforcer: those that are reinforcing because it gives you access to primary reinforces, e.g. money.

Question 14

Bandura’s social learning theory is

Answer 14

Children learn by observing and imitating others

Question 15

Lorenz’s concepts are

Answer 15

Imprinting, Critical period, Sensitive period

Question 16

Sensitive period

Answer 16

a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences

Question 17

Critical period

Answer 17

limited time span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behavior

Question 18

Imprinting

Answer 18

rapid, innate learning within a limited critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen

Question 19

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 19

Att barnet har inbyggda sociala signaler som uppmuntrar föräldrar att interagera med dem.

Question 20

Bronfenbenner’s ecological systems theory

Answer 20

Ett barn utvecklas inom ett komplext system där allt påverkar varandra.

The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment

Question 21

The ecological model has 6 systems which?

Answer 21

The individual, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Question 22

Microsystem

Answer 22

anything that is in direct contact with the individual, parents, friends, school

Question 23

Mesosystem

Answer 23

the interactions between the individual members of the microsystems

Question 24

Exosystem

Answer 24

incudes aspects that are not in direct contact with the child but will have an impact on the child, e.g. mass media, legal services, what sick leave or parental leave the parents are allowed from work

Question 25

Macrosystem

Answer 25

the attitudes and ideologies of the society and culture. is it important to be independent? Or to get along with others?

Question 26

Chronosystem

Answer 26

it is on a different dimension! Refers to the passage of time. And that influences all of the layers, because things change with time

Question 27

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on?

Answer 27

the social and cultural aspects of the developmental process

Question 28

Zone of proximal development (ZPD

Answer 28

children are capable of more then they display, if they are given the support for it

Question 29

Microgenetic studies:

Answer 29

Man studerar en eller några individer väldigt intensivt under en kort tidsperiod.

Question 30

Cross sequential design:

Answer 30

A strategic design combining cross sectional and longitudinal designs

Question 31

Cross sectional design:

Answer 31

People of different ages are studied simultaneously
Advantages: speed and economy
Disadvantages: no information on long term course and cohort of effects

Question 32

Longitudinal research:

Answer 32

Same individuals are studied repeatedly over time

Disadvantages: attrition (slitning), practice effects, tool validity(can’t use same tools for different ages), expensive