Theories and Application Movement Systems Flashcards
What is motor control?
Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What are the 3 factors that impact movement?
Task, individual and environment
Within the individual factor what are the 3 things to keep in mind?
Sensory- perception system
Cognitive
Motor System
What is the sensory- perception system?
Proprioception, environment, input from the sensory system
What does the cognitive aspect include?
Attention, motivation, planning, memory, problem solving
What is included in the motor system?
Muscles, joints, ROM, strength, tone, coordination, sequence (NM & MS system)
Describe the Reflex Theory
- Stimulus driven (stimulus in –> response out)
- Peripheral system dominant
- Combination of reflexes/reactions that were chained together
- No cognitive thought
Describe limitations to the reflex theory
- Doesn’t account voluntary movement
- We can override a reflex using higher brain centers
- Doesn’t explain movement occurring in absence of sensory stimulation
- Doesn’t take into account movement that are too rapid to allow for new sensory information to impact them
- Doesn’t take into account new movement and applying movement in new situations
Describe the hierarchal theory
- Top down approach ( Higher cortex motor association areas –> Motor cortex –> Spinal levels –> limbs move)
- Assumes CNS maturation is the primary agent for change in development
What does the hierarchical theory say about damage to the CNS?
Results in release of control from higher centers (release of inhibition) and results in spasticity or other movement dysfunction (and return of primitive reflexes) which causes movement disorder
What does the hierarchical theory say about recovery of CNS dysfunction?
Is a process of the CNS regaining control (inhibition) over the lower centers
What are some examples of low level reflexes?
- Auditory Startle
- Visual Tracking
- Flexor withdrawl to pain
- Eyes opening with stimulation opening
What are some examples of high level reflexes : Cognitive function required?
- Movement to a command
- Recognizing an object
- Functional Object use
- Maintaining Attention
What are some limitation to Hierarchial and reflex theory?
- Does not explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain situations
- Does not take into account environment and response
- Biomechanical Factors are not take into account (ie limb stuck in flexion)
When in the reflex and hierarchical theory used in PT?
- Peds: Evolution of reflexes in babies
- Gait training based on limb position
- Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation/ Quick Stretch of muscles
What are interventions aimed at gaining and how does progression work?
- Aimed to gain or regain higher level reflexes and movements in a step wise approach
- Progression is rigid in progression (NDT)
What does Motor Programming Theory look at?
Both peripheral and central pieces to permit motor control. Motor program can be activated by Sensory Input or Central pieces
The idea that specific patterns create movements: Synergy belong to which theory?
Motor Programming Theory
According to (BLANK) theory how does central pattern generators affect a motor program?
- Neural circuits influence movements
- Rhythmic input (quick stretch) can create a chain of event that permits walking, flying, breathing etc
- Can function without the help of cortex (driven by spinal cord)
What are the limitations to Motor Programming Theory?
Central motor program can not be the sole determinant of action
- Gravity or fatigue affects motor program and this theory does not take this into account
What clinical implications does Motor Programming theory have?
- Do not train a single motion or isolated motion
- stresses the importance of training the task and helping patients relearn an action
What does the Dynamic System Theory focus on?
- Interacting systems working cooperatively to achieve movement
- Looks at nervous system as more of a team effort no one center is higher
- Focused on the interactions of multiple body systems
- Depending on the task, different centers may be active and in control
Which theory takes into account motor equivalence?
Dynamic System theory
Which theory is non-linear?
Dynamic Systems Theory
Which theory allows for motor variability?
Dynamic Systems Theory
Degrees of Freedom belongs to which theory and what does it include?
Dynamic Systems
- Coordination of movement is the process of movement is the process of mastering the redundant degrees of freedom of the moving organism
- All independent variables of movement
- Work to gain control of degree of freedom over time with movement refinement
What are the 4 things the dynamic system theory takes into account?
- Musculoskeletal system
- Nervous system
- Forces of gravity & inertia along with environment
- Developmental status of mover’s nervous system
According to Dynamic System theory what are the reasons for atypical movement pattern?
- Result of lesion in one system
- Result of other system working to compensate for the damage to that system
What is the limitation to dynamic systems theory?
Presumed the nervous system does not play a big enough role
What theory suggest that examination & intervention need to focus on the interaction of multiple systems?
Dynamic System Theory
What theory believes variability is a good thing?
Dynamic systems theory
Which theory focuses on detecting information from the environment?
Ecological
What are the limitations of ecological theory?
Focused less on the nervous system and how the organism produced that given movement
What is the definition of Motor Control?
Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What is Independent (I) assistance?
Safe with no one present, no verbal cues
What is modified independent (modI)?
independent but requires an assistive device or extra time
What is distant supervision (DS)?
line of sight supervision, can be across the room to provide cues
What is close supervision (CS)?
within arm’s reach, not touching but there for safety or provide verbal cues
What is Contact guard (CGA)?
Hand on patient, not assisting
What is minimum assistance (min A)?
Pt can do more than 75% of task
What is moderate assistance (mod A)?
Pt is able to do 50-75% of the task
What is maximum assistance (max A)?
pt is able to do 25-49% of task
What is total assistance (total A)?
Pt performs less than 25% of task
What is symmetry?
Equal movement left to right
What is speed?
Velocity
What is amplitude?
Extent or range of movement used to complete a task
What is alignment?
Biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another as well as BOS, environment in order to achieve a task
What is postural control verticality?
ability to orient the body in relation to line of gravity
What is stability?
Ability to control the body’s center of mass in relation to base of support under conditions
What is coordination/ Smoothness?
Movement is perceived to be smooth
What is sequencing?
Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of an action
What is timing?
Overall temporal structure of movement that includes time
What is accuracy?
Closeness of a measured value to standard
What is systom provocation?
Observation or pt report of symptoms movement that evokes a particular response
What things should you look at for initial conditions?
- Posture
- Environment
What is preparation of a task?
Understanding
What should you look at for initiation of a task?
Changes that occur to overcome inertia of the body at rest (timing, direction, smoothness)
What should you look for in execution of a task?
Intersegmental movements that allow for movement of COM into a new position (Amplitude, Direction, Speed, Smoothness)
What should you look for at termination of a task?
Changes that occur to decelerate the movement of the COM as the body stabilize into a new position (timing, sequence, accuracy)
What is a discrete task?
Has beginning and end
What is a continuous task?
end point is determined by performed
What is a closed environment?
Fixed and predictable
What is an open environment?
Constantly changing
What is stability task?
static BOS
What is a mobility tasks?
moving BOS
What is a non-manipulation task?
not using UE during movement
What is manipulation task?
Movement of UE
