Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Control and Motor Learning > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

How does genetic contribute to aging?

A
  • 20% contribution to longevity
  • DNA damage
  • DNA repair capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

External factors contribute (BLANK) % to longevity

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some environmental external factors that contribute to aging?

A

Exposure to:
- pollutants/ toxins
- Bacteria/ viruses
- Damage to nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some lifestyle external factors that contribute to aging?

A
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Self efficacy (self limiting perspective)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some psychosocial external factors that contribute to aging?

A
  • Social relationships
  • Feelings of loneliness
  • Quality of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exercise has been shown to improve?

A
  • CV health & aerobic power
  • Muscle strength & physical function
  • Flexibility
  • Control obesity
  • Mental functions
  • Improve biological age by 10-20 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

As we age what happens to our connective tissue?

A
  • Altered ability to maintain & repair
  • Decrease water concentration
  • Collagen & elastin become more stiff and brittle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

As we age what happens to our cartilage?

A
  • Calcification
  • Decrease water content
  • Intervertebral discs shrink & crack (increase load on other structures)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

As we age there are changes to connective tissue and cartilage, ultimately these changes lead to what?

A
  • Decreased load and energy absorption
  • Increased risk of injury
  • Functional implications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sarcopenia and when does it occur?

A
  • Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle strength and functional quality
  • As we age 1-3% per year >50
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to skeletal muscle as we age?

A
  • Sarcopenia
  • Decrease in number and diameter of mm fibers
  • Muscle fibers become fat or collagen
  • Maximize reserve before loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to bone as we age?

A
  • Decrease in subchondral bone
  • Osteopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functional implications due to musculoskeletal changes with age?

A
  • Loss of ROM
  • Pain
  • Postural management
  • Decreased load tolerance and absorption
  • Morbidity and mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Because of the functional implication due to changes of musculoskeletal system with aging what ultimately occurs?

A
  • Increase risk of injury, falls & fx
  • Increase in pain
  • Decrease mobility, function & participation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some postural changes with aging?

A
  • Forward head
  • Thoracic kyphosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As we age there are structural changes seen in the heart and vascular system what does this cause?

A
  • Reduced contractility, valve dysfunction, fibrosis
  • Decreased heart rate max (which not altered by exercise)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some cardiovascular changes with aging according to thoracic spine?

A
  • Thorax is stiffer
  • Increased kyphosis diminishing rib care mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiovascular changes with age cause diminished elastic recoil of the lung causes what to happen?

A
  • Decreased lung volume then less oxygen reaching tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some cardiopulmonary changes with aging?

A
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Decreased oxygen delivery
  • Decreased aerobic capacity
21
Q

As we age there is a loss of sensory receptors which can cause what?

A

Decline in somatic senses (fine touch, pressure, vibration)

22
Q

As we age we loose hair and nerve cells which can cause what?

A

Dizziness/vertigo leads to increased fall risk

23
Q

Why does visual/hearing decline rapidly between 60-80 y/o?

A
  • Decreased acuity, contrast sensitivity, depth perception
  • Cataracts, macular degeneration
24
Q

What happens to taste/smell after 60 y/o?

A

Decreases

25
Q

What are some neurological changes with aging?

A
  • Loss of myelin
  • Axonal loss
  • Waste products accumulate between and inside neurons
26
Q

What does a loss of myelin cause?

A
  • Slow conduction velocity
  • Slow response time/reaction time
27
Q

What does axonal loss cause?

A
  • Decreased muscle activation (less muscle mass)
  • Reduced ability to feel (sensory perception)
28
Q

Neurological changes with aging cause (Decline or Incline) in brain weight/volume

A

Decline

29
Q

Why is there a decline in brain weight/volume as we age?

A

Loss of gray and white matter

30
Q

Why doe we loose gray and white matter as we age?

A
  • Gray: Neuronal atrophy/cell death
  • White: Axonal loss and decreased myelination
31
Q

The decline in brain weight/volume is not uniform what areas are most impacted?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Striatum (basal ganglia)
  • Temporal lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Hippocampus
32
Q

What is the implications of the decline in brain weight/volume?

A

Decline in:
- Higher level executive function
- Memory
- Motor control
- Motor learning

33
Q

What are the changes with information processing as we age?

A
  • Decrease sensory input (reduces processing speed)
  • Slower reaction time
34
Q

As we age what changes between accuracy vs speed?

A
  • Accuracy: good
  • Speed: reduced
35
Q

As we age what are the changes to attention?

A
  • Decreased attentional capacity
  • Decreased ability to divide attention
  • Increased dual task costs
36
Q

There are less age related decline in what types of memory?

A
  • Semantic
  • Remote
37
Q

What type of memory decline with aging?

A
  • Working memory (shorter chunks)
  • Episodic memory (memory of events)
38
Q

As we age what are some change in steady state control?

A
  • Increased sway
  • Reduced limits of stability
  • True capacity better determined with increased challenge (eyes closed, decrease BOS)
39
Q

As we age what are some changes in anticipatory postural control?

A
  • Slower activation of both postural (activation prior to movement) and mover muscles
  • Decreased ability to stabilize the body in advance of voluntary movements
40
Q

As we age what are some changes in reactive postural control?

A
  • Impaired timing of muscles
  • Hip > Ankle strategies
  • Take >1 step (shorter step, slower step velocity, more co activation)
  • Lateral stepping (less likely to cross over, sustain more limb collisions)
41
Q

What are falls associated with?

A
  • Morbidity and mortality
  • Loss of independence
  • Social isolation
  • Fear
  • Activity restriction
42
Q

What are some age related changes that may contribute to fall risk?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Sensory impairments
  • Slower nerve conduction
  • Postural alignment
  • Slower/less effective anticipatory/reactive postural control
  • Slower processing & response
43
Q

Name some psychosocial aspects of aging

A
  • Adjustment to retirement
  • Loss of lifetime roles
  • Isolation
  • Loss of others close to them
  • Loss of independence
  • Depression
44
Q

Older adults have reduced performance but are able to demonstrate motor learning when the task have what demands?

A
  • Simple
  • Task specific & functional
45
Q

What is the difference between part vs whole practice on motor learning with older adults?

A
  • Mixed results
  • Part may reduce processing demands
  • Whole practice may produce a better movement quality
46
Q

For motor learning in older adults which is better Blocked or Random?

A

Random practice may decrease performance but enhance retention

47
Q

For motor learning in older adults which is better massed or distributed?

A

Distributed practice may decrease performance but enhances retention & reduces risk of injury

48
Q

What type of feedback improves motor learning with older population?

A
  • Rely on visual feedback
  • Sensory information processing is reduced with age
  • Implicit learning may be better for older adults
  • Knowledge of results is better

Motor Control and Motor Learning (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions