Information Processing Flashcards
What is information processing?
Signals or information available in the environment are taken in by humans and “processed” for the purposes of perception, decision making and action
What are 2 approaches for information processing?
- Ecological
- Cognitive
What is the ecological approach research focused on?
How motor systems interact most effectively with the environment to perform goal - oriented behavior
According to the ecological approach what is affordance?
Action possibility provided to individual by environment and the perception requires experience specific to task & environment
What is the traditional cognitive approach follow?
Black box model
Input (stimulus) –> human –> output (response)
What are the 3 stages of IP?
- Stimulus identification stage
- Response selection stage
- Response programming stage
What occurs during stimulus identification stage?
- Neural encoding of sensory information from: visual, auditory, proprioception, touch & vestibular sensory system
- Results in knowing what happened in the environment
What are the 2 substages of stimulus identification stage?
Stimulus detection
Pattern recognition
What is the stimulus detection stage?
Environmental signal stimulates neurological impulses & memory is contact to associated with past
What is the pattern recognition stage?
- Decipher pattern from stimuli in both static and dynamic conditions
- May be genetic or learned
What is the response selection stage?
Determine what action to take in response to the stimulus
What is the response programming stage?
- Translate the abstract idea of motion into action
- Involves retrieval of motor program, preparation & initiation
What is reaction time?
Interval between stimulus presentation and initiation of response
What is a simple reaction time?
1 stimulus & 1 response
What is a Go No Go?
2 stimuli and 1 response
What is a choice reaction time?
2 stimulis & 2 responses
Clear signals, increase or decrease reaction time?
decrease
Intensity of signals, increase or decrease reaction time?
decrease
Which are we slower to respond to between visual stimuli, auditory or tactile?
Respond slowest to visual stimuli
When stimuli are simultaneously presented in more than one modality is reaction time quicker or slower?
quicker
What influence doe complex patterns have on stimulus identification?
Recognized with experience
What does Hick’s law say?
of stimulus responses will increase the time it takes to react
What influence does practice have on variable that influence response selection?
With extensive practice we can overcome Hick’s law
How does predictability influence response selection?
If you anticipate what stimulus is coming you can decide on the response before the signal is given
What influence does compatibility of stimulus have on response selection?
If the stimulus doesn’t make sense it will take longer
What does increased complexity of response to program do to the reaction time?
increase
What makes a movement more complex?
- Increase # if movement parts
- Movement accuracy
- Movement duration
What is receptor anticipation?
Detect upcoming event based sensory information
What is effector anticipation?
Estimate the time your own movement will take
What is perceptual anticipation?
Can’t directly perceive but predict from experience
What is spatial anticipation, an anticipation of?
- Type of stimulus present
- What subsequent response would be required
What can spatial anticipation have on reaction time?
May allow some response processing before stimulus have arrived therefore reducing reaction time
What is temporal anticipation?
Anticipation of when stimulus will arrive can lead to large decrease in reaction time
What is a fore period?
Period of time prior to stimulus onset
What type of forepreriods cause the shortest reaction time?
Constant & short
What is the benefit of anticipation on information processing?
Correctly anticipating can reduce reaction time
What is the cost of incorrectly anticipating cause?
Increase reaction time
Increased errors
What is serial processing?
Single chain
One process completed before next starts
What is parallel processing?
- Multi channels
- Some or all processes can occur at same time
What is the impact of controlled processing?
- Requires selective attention
- Slow process
- Skill is not well learned
- Serial in nature
What is the impact of automatic processing?
- Limited attention
- Greater capacity/faster
- Well learned skill
- Parallel in nature
As arousal increases our perception narrows which does what to focus and perception of stimuli?
- Increase focus on stimuli relevant to task
- Decrease perception of stimuli outside primary focus
What negative effect does too little arousal have?
Not attending to relevant environmental stimuli to trigger IP
What negative effect does too much arousal have?
- Focus is narrow
- May miss important cues
What amount of arousal is appropriate for a fine motor task?
Lower arousal
In regards to environment what type is high arousal needed?
Busier environments
What is the impact of arousal on individual?
Novice need wider focus while experts benefit from perceptual narrowing
What can arousal have on hyper vigilance/panic?
Severe stress conditions which lead to severely disrupted actions
What is feedforward control?
Use previous experience to predict the consequence of received sensory information
What is feedback control?
Sensory information is compared to desired state. The difference between these two states is used to update the output
