Theories Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Psychoanalytic Therapy.
A
Time Orientation: Past/Present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Humans are deterministic, motivated by biological drives, balance libidinal energy (id, ego, superego)
2
Q
Name the key figure(s) in Psychoanalytic Therapy.
A
Sigmund Freud
3
Q
What is the role of therapist in Psychoanalytic Therapy?
A
- Serves as a “container”
- “Blank slate”
- Encourages transference, cathect to therapist
4
Q
What are the goals of therapy in Psychoanalytic Therapy?
A
- Develop personal insight
- Work through transference
- Achieve catharsis
5
Q
List at least 4 common terms and concepts used in Psychoanalytic Therapy.
A
- Transference
- Countertransference
- Parapraxis (“freudian slips”)
- Resistance
- Insight
- Catharsis
- Cathexis
- Anxiety/neurosis
6
Q
List at least 3 Psychoanalytic Therapy interventions.
A
- Free association
- Dream analysis
- Analysis of transference
- Interpretation
- Clarification
- Amplification
- Linking past to present
7
Q
What are the psychosexual stages of development in Psychoanalytic Therapy?
A
- Oral (0-1 years)
- Anal (1.5 -3 years)
- Phallic (4-6 years)
- Latency (6-12 years)
- Genital (12+ years)
8
Q
Name at least four ego defense mechanisms used in Psychoanalytic Therapy.
A
- Denial
- Repression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
- Rationalization
- Sublimation
- Regression
- Introjection
- Identification
- Ritual & Undoing
9
Q
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Depth Psychology.
A
Time Orientation: Past/Present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Similar to psychoanalytic, more emphasis on unconsciousness. Focus on symbols and archetypes.
10
Q
Name the key figure(s) in Depth Psychology.
A
Carl Jung
11
Q
What is the role of therapist in Depth Psychology?
A
- Calm, neutral
- Non-directive
- “Blank Slate” and container for feelings
12
Q
What are the goals of therapy in Depth Psychology?
A
- Aware of personal/collective unconscious
- Facilitate acceptance of “shadow self”
- Integration of anima and animus
13
Q
List common terms and concepts used in Depth Psychology.
A
- Personal unconscious
- Collective unconscious
- Archetypes
- Anima
- Animus
- Shadow
14
Q
Describe Depth Psychology interventions.
A
- Dream analysis
- Focus on symbols and archetypes
15
Q
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Object Relations.
A
Time Orientation: Past and it’s influence on the present
Duration: Long-term (typically years)
Unit of Treatment: Nuclear family
Philosophy: Children internalize intrapsychic structures from relationships with primary caregivers.
16
Q
What is the role of therapist in Object Relations?
A
- Neutral, “blank slate”
- Active, directive, challenging
- Interprets unconscious material, transference
17
Q
What are the goals of therapy in Object Relations?
A
- Uncover dysfunctional relational patterns
- Provide corrective experiences
- Family members achieve individuation
18
Q
List at least 4 common terms and concepts used in Object Relations.
A
- Holding environment
- Derivatives
- Individuation
- Introjection
- Linking
- Projective Identification
- Projection
- Recapitulation
- Splitting
19
Q
What are goals for the early stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?
A
- Provide a safe holding environment
- Establish boundaries
- Symptom identification/reduction
20
Q
What are goals for the middle stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?
A
- Promote insight
- Discover resistance
- Work through transference
- Promote reintegration of ego
21
Q
What are goals for the late stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?
A
- Resolve idealized transference
- Work through termination issues
22
Q
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Adlerian Therapy.
A
Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short and Long Term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Driven by social, not sexual, interest. Focus on personal perceptions, values, beliefs. Use choice to overcome inferiority anxiety and self-realize.
23
Q
Name the key figure(s) in Adlerian Therapy.
A
Alfred Adler
24
Q
What is the role of therapist in Adlerian Therapy?
A
- Cooperative and contractual agreement
- Facilitates client’s decision-making
- Positive reinforcement and encouragement
25
What are the goals of therapy in Adlerian Therapy?
- Understand lifestyle choices/goals
- Overcome inferiority
- Develop insight/personal awareness
26
List common terms and concepts used in Adlerian Therapy.
- Behavior is goal-oriented
- Behavior is based on personal experiences
- Inferiority
- Style of Life
27
List at least 3 Adlerian Therapy interventions.
- Notice subjective experiences
- Family constellation
- Explore early recollections
- Understand lifestyle goals
- Acting "as if"
- Spitting in the client's soup
- Avoid tar baby
28
What are Erickson's Stages of Human Development?
- Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 years)
- Autonomy v. Shame (1-3 years)
- Initiative v. Guilt (3-5 years)
- Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 years)
- Identity v. Role Confusion (teen years)
- Intimacy v. Isolation (20-35 years)
- Generativity v. Stagnation (36-65 years)
- Integrity v. Despair (65+ years)
29
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Existential Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients are in an ongoing process of discovering/interpreting their experience. Unhappiness arises from difficulties confronting existential realities (freedom, death, isolation, meaninglessness).
30
Name the key figure(s) in Existential Therapy.
- Viktor Frankl
| - Rollo May
31
What is the role of therapist in Existential Therapy?
- Non-directive
- Authentic; separate but free
- Use of self to model
- Can self-disclose
- Client is the expert
32
What are the goals of therapy in Existential Therapy?
- Awareness of subjective experiences
- Develop personal meaning
- Accept anxiety as basic human characteristic
- Increase choice potential
- Accept personal responsibility & choice
33
List common terms & concepts used in Existential Therapy.
- Bad faith
- Intentionality
- Fusion-delusion
34
List at least 3 Existential Therapy interventions.
- Self-disclosure
- Challenging
- Clarifying
- Guiding
- Curiosity on client phenomenology
- Promote awareness of metacommunication
35
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Humanistic (PC) Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients are responsible and self-directed. Emphasis is on therapeutic relationship; environment with empathy and regard will allow client to self-actualize.
36
Name the key figure(s) in Humanistic (PC) Therapy.
Carl Rogers
37
What is the role of therapist in Humanistic (PC) Therapy?
- Non-directive
- Genuine, authentic
- Empathic
- Non-judgmental
- Curious about client's phenomenology
38
What are the goals of therapy in Humanistic (PC) Therapy?
- Self-actualization
| - Personal goal development and achievement
39
List common terms & concepts used in Humanistic (PC) Therapy.
- Congruence
- Accurate empathy
- Self-actualization
- Authenticity
40
List at least 3 Humanistic (PC) Therapy interventions.
- Active listening
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathy
41
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Gestalt Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients find a way in life through self-acceptance and personal responsibility. Clients are driven toward growth and must complete unfinished business.
42
Name the key figure(s) in Gestalt Therapy.
Fredrick (Fritz) Perls
43
What is the role of therapist in Gestalt Therapy?
- Directive
- Active
- Authentic, self-disclosing
- Diologic (staying in contact with client)
44
List common terms & concepts used in Gestalt Therapy.
- Dichotomy/split
- Contact
- Congruence
- Impasse
- Paradoxical theory of change
- Figure/ground
- I/Thou
45
List at least 3 Gestalt Therapy interventions.
- Experiments
- Resolve unfinished business
- Empty chair
- Inclusion
- Role playing
- Psychodrama
- Contact boundary experiments
46
Describe goals at the early, middle and late stages of therapy in Gestalt Therapy.
EARLY: Establish empathic & authentic relationship
MIDDLE: Integrate personality, promote awareness, promote self-acceptance
LATE: Worth through termination issues
47
Name the key figure(s) in Behavioral Therapy.
- Ivan Pavlov
| - B.F. Skinner
48
What are common techniques used in Classical Conditioning (Behaviorism)?
- Relaxation training
- Counter-conditioning
- Systematic desensitization
- Aversive conditioning
49
What are common techniques used in Operant Conditioning (Behaviorism)?
- Reinforcement
- Shaping
- Extinction
- Punishment (time out or response cost)
- Token economy
50
Describe the time orientation, preferred duration, unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Reality Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Action-oriented therapy addressing behavioral problems by rejecting irresponsible behavior and facing reality.
51
Name the key figure(s) in Reality Therapy.
William Glasser
52
What is the role of therapist in Reality Therapy?
Therapist is a role model/teacher who assists clients with finding better ways of managing behavior.
53
What are the goals of therapy in Reality Therapy?
- Accept personal responsibility
- Get involved with others
- Increase self-worth
- Learn new coping mechanisms to meet needs
54
List common terms & concepts used in Reality Therapy.
- 2 essential needs (to love and be loved)
| - Facing reality
55
List at least 3 Reality Therapy interventions.
- Get involved with the client
- Make plans for change and carry them out
- Use of contracts, commitments in therapy
- Do not accept excuses
- Do not give up on the client, even if they appear to give up on themselves
56
What is the ABCDE model of treatment?
```
A = Activating Event
B = Belief arises from the event
C = Consequences (emotional reactions) to event
D = Dispute or challenge belief
E = Effect of dispute is examined
```
57
What is REBT?
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
58
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of CBT.
Time Orientation: Present and Future
Duration: Typically brief (12-16 sessions)
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: The way we think impacts our feelings and behaviors. The client learns the relationship with thinking and feeling in order to change behaviors.
59
Name the key figure(s) in CBT.
- Albert Ellis
| - Aaron Beck
60
What is the role of therapist in CBT?
- Directive, active
- Didactic, trainer, educator
- Collaborator
- Relationship is important, but not the focus
61
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in CBT?
- EARLY STAGE: Establish goals, collaborative relationship, teach CBT model
- MIDDLE STAGE: Cognitive restructuring, learn more balanced/realistic appraisals of self/others, increase desired cognitions/behaviors, improve problem-solving skills
- LATE STATE: Reinforce therapeutic gains, plan to retain therapeutic gains when therapy terminates
62
List common terms and concepts used in CBT.
- Schema
- Cognitive distortion
- Automatic thoughts
- Underlying assumptions
- Maladaptive thoughts
63
List at least 3 CBT interventions.
- Thought tracking
- Self-monitoring
- Automatic thought record
- Socratic method
- Thought stopping
- Cognitive restructuring
- Diversion techniques
- Role playing
- Assignments, homework
- Contracts
64
List at least 4 cognitive distortions
- Selective abstraction
- Arbitrary inference (jump to conclusions)
- Over-generalization
- Catastrophizing
- Polarized thinking
- Disqualifying the positive
- Labeling
- Emotional reasoning
- Personalization
65
What are the processes children use to adapt to schemas in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
- Assimilation
- Accomodation
- Equilibrium
- Adaptation
66
Describe Piaget's stages of development.
- Sensorimotor (0-1.5 years): gain object permanence
- Preoperational (1.5 - 7 years): perceptual constancy
- Concrete Operations (7-11 years): logic
- Formal Operations (12+ years): abstract thought
67
Describe Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
- Preconventional/Premoral (4- 10 years)
- Conventional (10 - 12 years)
- Post-Conventional (12+ years)
68
Explain the overall philosophy of Family Systems therapies.
Families are a living system of interrelated individuals that attempt to achieve homeostasis.
69
List common terms and concepts used in Family Systems.
- Homeostasis
- Identified Patient (IP)
- First order change
- Second order change
- Double bind
- Circular causality
- Negative/Positive Feedback
- Marital schism/skew
- Pseudomutuality
- Centrifugal (independent, distant families)
- Centripetal (clinging families)
70
What values/assumptions are shared amongst all family system therapies?
- Triangles
- Boundaries
- Hierarchy
- Subsystems
- Rules and roles
71
List the stages of the Family Life Cycle
- Between families (individual leaves the home)
- Marriage (joining families)
- Family w/young children
- Family w/adolescents
- Launching
- Family later in life
72
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Strategic Family Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family
Philosophy: Families seek to maintain homeostasis and resist change. Focus on changing family communication through therapist directives.
73
Name the key figure(s) in Strategic Family Therapy.
Milton Erickson
74
What is the role of therapist in Strategic Family Therapy?
- Flexible and active
- Directive, sets goals
- Focuses on family communication
- Little focus on individual internal experience (thoughts, feelings)
75
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Strategic Family Therapy?
- EARLY: Observe family dynamics, plan strategy to address presenting problem, move into problem stage
- MIDDLE: Produce second order change, directives, alter patterns of communication
- LATE: Confirm family hierarchy is in place, presenting problem has been resolved
76
List common terms and concepts used in Strategic Family Therapy.
- Complementary relationships
- Symmetrical relationships
- Punctuation
- Directives
77
List at least 3 Strategic Family Therapy interventions.
- Prescribing the symptom
- Pretend techniques
- Positioning strategy
- Restrain (telling family not to change)
- Ordeals
- Positive Connotations
- Structured family interview
- Circular questioning
78
What are the 2 levels of communication in families?
```
Content = words that are spoken
Metacommunciation = behaviors that qualify, comment or contradicts spoken words (i.e. tone of voice, physical gestures, eye contact)
```
79
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Experiential Family Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present, here and now
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (preferred)
Philosophy: Sensitize people to their feelings and experiences with others. Therapy is an intense, focused, in-the-present moment experience.
80
Name the key figure(s) in Experiential Family Therapy.
- Virginia Satir
| - Carl Whitaker.
81
What is the role of therapist in Experiential Family Therapy?
- Available for warm, spontaneous contact
- Models authentic communication
- Creates safety
- Directive, active
- Provides new experiences
- Facilitator of change
82
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Experiential Family Therapy?
- EARLY: Make contact, shift focus off IP, history taking, explore presenting problem from each member's perspective
- MIDDLE: Facilitate growth, intimacy and self-esteem, create level communication, facilitate expression of wants/needs
- LATE: Anchor self-worth, maturation and therapeutic gains, facilitate communication
83
List common terms and concepts used in Experiential Family Therapy.
- Growth
- Self-Esteem
- Seed model
84
List at least 3 Experiential Family Therapy interventions.
- Family life chronology
- Family structure
- Contact
- Talking to parts of self
- Confrontation
85
What are communication stances according to Experiential Family Therapy?
- Placater
- Blamer
- Super reasonable (the computer)
- Distracter
- Leveler (congruent communicator)
86
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Structural Family Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present, here-and-now
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (preferred)
Philosophy: Individual symptoms are understood through family interactional patterns. Change in organization leads to change in behaviors/symptoms.
87
Name the key figure(s) in Structural Family Therapy.
Salvador Minuchin
88
What is the role of therapist in Structural Family Therapy?
- Active
- Stage director
- Educator
- Joins with family
- Affective intensity
89
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Structural Family Therapy?
- EARLY: Join with family, define problem, set goals
- MIDDLE: restructuring (boundaries, alignments, hierarchies), improve communication, unbalancing
- LATE: Presenting problem is resolved, system is restructured, family has skills to resolve conflicts
90
List common terms and concepts used in Structural Family Therapy.
- Boundaries (rigid, diffuse, flexible)
- Hierarchies and sub-systems
- Alignments (alliance, coalition)
- Enmeshment
- Disengagement
91
List at least 3 Structural Family Therapy interventions.
- Accomodation
- Mimesis (using family communication)
- Enactment
- Tracking
- Family mapping
- Unbalancing
- Family re-structuring
92
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Bowenian Family Therapy.
Time Orientation: Past and it's influence on present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (focus on parent dyad)
Philosophy: Focuses on the balance of togetherness and individuality. Too much togetherness creates fusion and prevents individuality. Too much individuality results in a distant and estranged family.
93
Name the key figure(s) in Bowenian Family Therapy.
Murray Bowen
94
What is the role of therapist in Bowenian Family Therapy?
- Coach
- Non-anxious presence
- Researcher
- Educator
- Neutral, non-reactive
- Healthy point of triangle to reduce reactivity
95
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Bowenian Family Therapy?
- EARLY: Model differentiation, remove IP label, become healthy point of triangle, define problem, set goals, reduce reactivity
- MIDDLE: Block triangles, interrupt family projection and multi-generational transmission, move to differentiation, help members become solid selves
- LATE: Reinforce balance of individuality & togetherness
96
List common terms and concepts used in Bowenian Family Therapy.
- Differentiation
- Fusion
- Emotional cutoff
- Pseudo- and solid self
- Emotional reactivity
- Family projection process
- Triangle
- Nuclear family emotional system
- Multigenerational transmission
- Undifferentiated family ego mass
- Sibling position
- Genogram
97
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Solution Focused Therapy.
Time Orientation: Future
Duration: Short-term, brief
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Focus on times when problems aren’t working to help client find solutions that work for them.
98
Name the key figure(s) in Solution Focused Therapy.
Insoo Kim
99
What is the role of therapist in Solution Focused Therapy?
- Collaborator
- Cheerleads changes and exceptions
- Elicitor of client strengths and resources
100
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Solution Focused Therapy?
EARLY: Determine achievable goals, is customer customer/complainant/visitor, generate solutions
MIDDLE: Look for exceptions, elicit client strengths, notice/highlight small changes
LATE: Problem is resolved, no specific termination process
101
List common terms and concepts used in Solution Focused Therapy.
- The solution is not necessarily related to the problem
- Snowball effect (small changes lead to bid changes)
- Not-knowing stance
102
List at least 3 Solution Focused Therapy interventions.
- Solution talk
- Goal-setting questions
- Exception questions
- Scaling questions
- Coping question
- The “miracle” question
103
Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Narrative Therapy.
Time Orientation: Present and future
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Problems exist within a social context that translate into problem-saturated personal narratives. Therapists collaborate with clients to reauthor stories into preferred narratives that allow for personal growth.
104
Name the key figure(s) in Narrative Therapy.
Michael White.
105
What is the role of therapist in Narrative Therapy?
- Collaborator
- Elicits client strengths and resources
- Directive, but not impositional or coercive
- Facilitates deconstruction and re-authoring of narratives
106
What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Narrative Therapy?
EARLY: Map the problem’s influence and client strengths, look for exceptions, begin developing preferred narratives
MIDDLE: Deconstruct problem-saturated stories, re-authoring, reinforce preferred narratives
LATE: Reinforce new narratives, recruit problem fighters, process termination
107
List common terms and concepts used in Narrative Therapy.
- Not-knowing stance
- Local knowledge/expert knowledge
- Sparkling moments
- Community of concern
- Problem fighters
108
List at least 3 Narrative Therapy interventions.
- Deconstruction
- Finding unique outcomes
- Invitation
- Letter writing
- Exception questions
- Externalization
- Separate client from the problem
