Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Development, Diversity, Behavior In The Environment > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

0
Q

Cornerstone of social work practice–views client problems within the environmental context in which they occur.

Includes: social, economic, political, communal, historical, religious, physical, cultural, familial

A

Person-in-Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Looks at the constituent parts of an element (i.e. an individual) as well as how the element fits into the various systems it is a part of: Suggests that interventions focus on the interaction between person and environment.

A

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
Key terms & concepts of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_   \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
System (suprasystem, subsystems)
Boundary (permeable or clearly defined)
Closed & Open Systems 
Negentropy
A

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ _________ allow energy or information to pass through.

A

Permeable boundary
(Systems Theory)
the more permeable the boundary, the more interaction the system has with its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a _______ _______ has a nonpermeable boundary: It is isolated from its environment and highly resistant to influence by outside forces. A ______ ______ is usually considered dysfunctional.

A

Closed System (noninteracting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An ____ ______ has a permeable boundary that allows an ongoing exchange of energy (information) with its environment. This is usually considered functional

A

Open System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An open system is usually considered functional. In what situation could this become dysfunctional or harmful?

A

when the system is overly permeable and is easily influenced by forces outside the system that is unstable and easily destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ refers to forces that maintain a system’s organization and promote its development.

A

Negentropy (negative entropy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

degree of disorganization in a system tends to increase to a maximum until the process eventually is in a state of equilibrium.

A

Entropy

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

System Functioning consists of what 4 interrelated activities

A 
Input (takes in needed energy from environment)
Conversion Operations (processes input to sustain its functioning)
Output (interacts with other systems)
Feed back (monitors its own functioning & makes adjustments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The term _____ refers to the tendency for any system to act in ways that allow it to maintain a steady state or balance between the system and its environment.

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The balance or homeostasis of a system is maintained by ______ _____. When the “temperature” rises or falls out of the comfort range in a family system, this recalibrates the system (reduces deviation) and restores a comfortable balance.

A

Negative feedback

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ _____ upsets the existing homeostatic balance and amplifies deviation from a steady state. Many techniques in family therapy might be called this, since they are designed to unbalance a family system’s existing homeostasis and permit a more functional balance to emerge.

A

Positive Feedback

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ability of a system to adapt to its environment through making changes in its structure results in both a state of ____ (a relatively flexible sense of balance, akin to “bending without breaking) and a state of _____ (a sense of being in balance where there is very little variation in movement).

A

Homeostasis
Equilibrium

(Systems Theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The principal of _____ (same end) refers to the fact that a single effect or outcome may result from several different causes. Different behavior can lead to the same or “___ ___” results

A

Equifianlity
“equal final”

(Systems Theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The principle of ______ (many ends) refers to the fact that one cause (one action) may produce many different effects or outcomes. Subsystems have identical beginnings or origins but acheive different outcomes.

A

Multifinality (equipotentiality)

Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The term ____ refers to the intersection or overlap of two or more systems such as a family and a school. SW often engage in ____ ___, which is work at the “____” of 2 or more systems to improve the interactions between a client system and relevant systems in a client’s environment.

A

Interface
boundary work
“interface”

(Systems Theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

family group, community, single organization, and a network of affiliated organizations are examples of

A

social systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

According to Warren (1978), a social system has the following 4 characteristics:

A
  1. structural organization of the interaction of parts and endures over time.
  2. has internal & external elements that relate to its environment and its units to each other.
  3. boundary maintenance. must maintain boundaries
  4. strives to maintain equilibrium (homestasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Focus on reciprocal interaction between the individual and their environment.
An individual’s perception of their environment affects their well-being.

A

Ecological Theory/Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The 2 underlying beliefs of the _______ ____ are 1) human development viewed within context of relationship with environment and 2) each person’s environment is unique.

A

Ecological Systems (Ecosystems) Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The _____ _____ of the person-environment relationship suggests that a person and his environment are engaged in constant circular exchanges in which each is reciprocally influencing the other over time.

A

Transactional View
advocated by Germain
(Ecological Systems Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gordon (1969) proposed that the transactions between an individual’s coping patterns and the qualities of his environment constitute a _____ _____ _____.

A

Person-centered duality

Ecological Systems Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Key terms & concepts of the ______ ______ are: Ecosystems are always changing, Specialization, Competition, interactions between the different species in an ecosystem can take several forms

A

Ecological Systems Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Because ecosystems are always changing, each species in an ecosystem is slowly but constantly _____ to an environment that continues to change. If the environment changes rapidly or if the species can’t ___ quickly enough, the species may be overpowered or replaced by a more adaptable species.

A

adapting

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_____ is one form of adaptation that a species may make. This reduces competition. _____ will increase the ability of survival in a relatively stable environment, but decrease survival in a rapidly changing environment.

A

Specialization

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ plays a major role in shaping ecological communities. ____ can lead to a higher level of functioning, but it can also be destructive. ___ may lead to social and economic injustice and the oppression of some groups.

A

Competition

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

With ____, one species feeds on or uses the another species.

A

predation

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

With ____, there is close and frequent interaction between 2 species in which either one or both benefit from the interaction. What are the 3 types of this:

A

Symbiosis
mutualism (both benefit); commensalism (1 benefits; other not helped or harmed); and parasitism (parasite benefits; host harmed)
(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explain the 4 ways adaptedness in the Ecological Systems Theory Perspective is applied to humans

A

“goodness of fit”
Adaptive processes
because any change requires further adaptation by a person it is a continuous process and is transactional
adaptive/maladaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

From an ecological perspective, ___ expresses a relationship between a person and his environment.
Explain this:

A

Stress
:encompasses an environmental demand & subjective experience of physiological & psychological stress in response to the demand.
Negative stress =discrepancy between an actual or perceived demand & person’s actual or perceived ability to cope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

____ is the physiological, psychological, and behavioral response that is set in motion as a result of stress.

A

Coping

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Major functions of coping are ____ -____, _____ w/negative feelings, and maintaining ____-____.

A

problem-solving, dealing (w/negative feelings), and maintaining self-esteem

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Coping functions are _____ and require both ______ and _____ resources. Therefore, they are a good indication of the status of person-environment relationship.

A

interdependent
personal & environmental

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Effective coping responses lead to the ______ of stress. If coping responses are ineffective, stress persists and can lead to _____, ____, or ____ dysfunction or all three.

A

elimination
physical, emotional, or social

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspectives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Relatedness, Competence, Self-Direction, Self-Esteem, and Identity are all ____ in nature and, therefore, facilitate a focus on the person-environment relationship.

A

transactional

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_____ _____ is a biological & social imperative over the lifespan. It incorporates ideas about social & emotional loneliness & isolation. People facing stress have been found to suffer less physical, emotional, and social dysfunction when they are surrounded by a supportive network.

A

Human relatedness

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_____, or a sense of personal efficacy, can begin to develop right after birth if the infant experiences successful efforts at making his caregivers respond to his needs.

A

Competence

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

For competence to continue developing, the social & physical environment must provide diverse _____, ______ opportunities, & support for age-appropriate ______ & ____-______ throughout his lifespane.

A

diverse stimuli, learning opportunities, and support for age-appropriate exploration and self-direction

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Relatedness & competence influence the development of ____-___, or the relative autonomy of the ego from external and internal pressures. Although autonomous, the ego remains attuned to both internal and external needs.

A

self-direction

Ecological Systems Theory Perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

____ & ___-____ arise from relationships with other people. Because evaluations made by others profoundly affect self-concept, a person’s _____ is reworked throughout the lifespan as a result of his interactions with his social and physical environment.

A

Identity & self-esteem
identity

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

For humans, ____ includes the status occupied by a person or group within a given social structure and is related to issues of power and oppression. ___ is shaped by a set of rights, including the right to equal opportunity.

A

Niche

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

____ are the settings (dwellings, buildings, rural villages, & urban layouts) where an organism is found. They should support the social settings of family life, social life, work life, religous life, etc., in ways that suit the lifestyle, gender, age, & culture of individuals.

A

Habitats

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Efforts to understand people, situations, & problems must take into account all systems involved in person-environment interactions. This is a key emphasis of the ________

A

ecosystems perspective

review pg 13 in volume 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Psychological process are manifestations of interactions between and among biophysical, interpersonal, cultural, political, economic, legal, and organizational forces and these forces interact continually and influence a person’s behavior during his entire life span. This is a key emphasis of which theory?

A

Ecosystems perspective

review pg. 13 in vol. 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

To fulfill their needs and accomplish important development tasks, human beings must have adequate environmental resources and must experience positive transactions with their environments. This is a key emphasis of which theory?

A

ecosystems perspective

review pg. 13 vol. 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Human beings experience stress or impaired functioning when their needs are not met. This is a key emphasis of which theory?

A

ecosystems perspective

review pg. 13 vol. 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

To reduce stress, coping efforts to fulfill unmet needs must take place. The goal of coping efforts is to achieve an adaptive ______-_______ ___

A

person-environment fit

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Because humans and environments mutually affect each other, problems can be understood only when they are viewed in their environmental context. This is a key emphasis of which theory?

A

ecological perspective

review pg. 13 vol.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Human problems and their environmental settings are considered to constitute one system–the _____ ____. Every problem system is unique because its subsystems have different interactions and characteristics.

A

problem system

Ecological Systems Theory Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Human beings may lack effective coping strategies, adequate resources of both.In sw, the objective is to help people find ways of meeting their needs by addressing those deficits. This is a key emphasis of which theory?

A

ecolosystems perspective

pg. 13 vol.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Helping people find ways of meeting their needs involves: ____ to needed resources & improving the person’s ____ to use resources or cope with negative environmental influences.

A

connecting
capacity

(Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The planned change process in sw (intervention) is both facilitated and limited by a range of factors and the larger economic, political, and cultural contexts in which the change occurs. This is a key emphasis in which theory?

A

eocsystems perspective

pg. 13 vol.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Bronfenbrenner (1979) describes aspects of human development and behavior as involving interactions between the individual and his ______.

A

context

Ecological Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model describes the “context” in terms of four nested levels:

A

microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The ___ is a person’s immediate environment & includes face-to-face relationships within the home, school, workplace, and neighborhood (e.g., relationships w/parents, siblings, peers, teachers, and coworkers)

A

microsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The ____ refers to interactions between components of the microsystem, such as the influence of family factors on a child’s behavior at scool.

A

Mesosystem

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

57
Q

The _____ consists of elements in the broader environment that affects a person’s immediate environment. These elements include larger social entities that influence personal systems even though a person is not directly involved with them. For a child, this might include his parents’ workplace, the school board, com agen.

A

exosystem

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

58
Q

The ______ is comprised of such overarching environmental influence as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies.

A

macrosystem

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

59
Q

According to Lewin’s (1936) ____ ____, human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment : i.e.. B=f(P.E.).

A

Field Theory

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

60
Q

For Lewin, “field” (i.e. ___ ___) represents the total environment, and a person’s behavior represents movement through the regions of his ___ ___.

A

life space life space

review pg. 14 vol. 2

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological System Theory Perspective)

61
Q

The attractive/unattractive ____ of a life space region is developed over time as the person and his environment continue to grow & change.

A

valance

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological Systems Theory Perspective)

62
Q

Even though a person & the environment are separate, there are ____ ___ ___ by which changes in one can influence changes in the other (e.g. changes in a person may result from engaging in a behavior as well as from environment changes that alter the valance of a region).

A

permeable psychological boundaries

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological System Theory Perspective)

63
Q

One well-know application of field theory is to conflict. Lewin distinguished between 3 ______ _____:

A

motivational conflicts

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological System Theory Perspective)

64
Q

An _____ -_____ conflict occurs when a person is attracted to two equally desirable goals (e.g. having to choose between two equally desirable jobs).

A

approach-approach

65
Q

An ______- ____ conflict involves two undesirable alternatives (e.g. having to choose between being laid off or accepting a lower-paid position in the company).

A

avoidance-avoidance

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological System Theory Perspective)

66
Q

An ____ -____ conflict occurs when a goal has both positive & negative aspects. This kind of conflict is difficult to resolve b/c as a person moves closer to the goal the avoidance force become stronger, but as he moves away from the goal, the approach force increases.

A

approach-avoidance

Lewin’s Field Theory (Ecological System Theory Perspective)

67
Q

Analyses human behavior as a function of the interaction of personal, biological, psychological, and social components.

A

Biopsychosocial Theory

68
Q

(Freud) Explores behaviors and interpersonal patterns as the result of unconscious thoughts and motivations
id, ego, superego

A

Psychodynamic Theory

69
Q

The various _____ ___ share the following assumptions: 1)human behavior is motivated by unconscious processes, 2) early development has a profound effect on adult functioning and 3) universal principles explain personality

A

psychodynamic theories

70
Q

Freud’s personality Theory consists of 2 separate but interrelated theories:

A

structural (drive) theory
development theory

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic/dynamic Theory)

71
Q

Freud’s ____ ___ posits the personality with 3 structures–the id, ego, and the superego

A

structural theory

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)
pg. 15 vol.2

72
Q

The __ is present at birth and consists of the person’s life and death instincts, which serve as the source of all psychic energy.

A

id

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

73
Q

The id operates on the basis of the _____ ____ and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual drives and needs in order to avoid tension.

A

pleasure principle

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

74
Q

To reduce tension, the id relies primarily on reflex actions (eg., blinking, sneezing) and ____ ___ ___. which involves forming a dream, hallucination, or other mental image of an object that would satisfy the id’s needs.

A

primary process thinking

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

75
Q

The ___ develops at about 6 months of age in response to the id’s inability to gratify all of its needs.

A

Ego

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

76
Q

The ego operates on the basis of the ___ ___: It defers gratification of the id’s instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality, and it employs ___ ___ ___ which is characterized by realistic, rational thinking and planning.

A

reality principle secondary process thinking

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

77
Q

The primary task of the ego is to ______ the often conflicting demands of the id and reality and, once it has developed, the superego.

A

mediate

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

78
Q

The _____ emerges when a child is between 4 & 5 years of age and represents an internalization of society’s values and standards as conveyed to the child by his parents through their rewards and punishments.

A

Superego

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

79
Q

Behaviors that are rewarded by the child’s parents become part of the child’s ___ ___, while behaviors that are punished are incorporated into the ______.

A

ego ideal
conscience

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

80
Q

In contrast to the ego, which postpones gratification of the __’s instincts, the _____ attempts to permanently block the id’s socially unacceptable drives.

A

id’s
superego

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

81
Q

Freud’s _____ ____ proposes that the id’s ____ (sexual energy) centers on a different part of the body during each stage of development and that personality results from the way in which conflicts at each stage are resolved.

A

developmental theory
libido

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

82
Q

In Freud’s ____ ____ failure to resolve a conflict at any stage often stems from excessive or insufficient gratification of the id’s needs and can result in ____ at that stage.

A

developmental theory
fixation

Freud’s Personality Theory (Psychoanalytc Theory)

83
Q

What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral Stage (birth-1 yr), Anal stage (1-3 yrs), Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs), Latency Stage (6-12 yrs),, Genital Stage (12+ yrs)

84
Q

Explain the Oral stage of Freud’s developmental theory

A

focus: mouth; conflict = weaning Personality traits= dependence, passivity, dependence, envy, manipulativeness, sarcasm, & orally focused habits (smoking, nailbiting, etc). Other traits=gullibility/suspiciousness, optimism/pessimism, cockiness/self-belittlement

85
Q

Explain Freud’s Anal Stage of his developmental Theory
focus =
conflict =
traits=

A

focus=control of bodily wastes
conflicts=toilet training
traits=anal retentiveness (stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior) or anal expulsivenss (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness)

86
Q

Explain the Phallic Stage in Freud’s developmental Theory
focus= conflict=
traits

A

focus=sexual energy (genitals); conflict=oedipal conflict
traits=identification w/same sex parent; development of superego
fixation can produce a phallic character, which involves sexual exploitation of others

87
Q

Explain the Latency Stage in Freud’s developmental theory

focus= conflict= traits=

A 
focus= libidinal energy is diffuse rather than focused on any one area of the body.  
trait= social skills rather than sexual gratification
88
Q

Explain the genital stage of Freud’s developmental theory

focus= conflict= traits=

A

focus=libido centered on genitals
conflict= sexual desire/affection
trait = mature sexual relationship

89
Q

Freud described ___ as an unpleasant feeling linked with excitement of the autonomic nervous system and proposed that its function is to alert the ego to impending internal or external thereats

A

anxiety

90
Q

When the ego is unable to ward off danger through rational, realistic means, it may resort to one of its _____ _____.

A

defense mechanism

Freud’s developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

91
Q

The various ____ ____ all share two characteristics 1)operate on an unconscious level & 2)serve to deny or distort reality

A

defense mechanisms

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

92
Q

____ occurs when the id’s drives and needs are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. __ is considered the most “basic” defense mechanism b/c it is also the goal of all defense mechanisms & the foundation of all neuroses.

A

Repression

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

93
Q

Freud divides the mind into 3 areas:

A

conscious, preconscious, & unconscious.

Material in the preconscious is accessible to the conscious, but material in the unconscious is not.

94
Q

____ occurs when a person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development & behaves in ways characteristic of that stage.

A

Regression (Defense Mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

95
Q

____ involves attributing one’s own unacceptable instinctual needs and drives to another person. ___ is derived from the primitive thought process of egocentrism.

A

Regression (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

96
Q

In __ __, the person avoids an anxiety-evoking instinct b actively expressing its opposite.

A

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

97
Q

____ involves the transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target so that the drive can be more safely expressed.

A

Displacement (defensive mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

98
Q

___ is a type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable, activity. ___ is considered to be a “mature” defense mechanism. i.e. it is common in “healthy” adults.

A

Sublimation (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

99
Q

In ___, the individual admits that an anxiety-evoking impulse, thought, etc., exists, but denies that it is personality relevant. __ is a relatively primitive defense mechanism and is related to a child’s faith in the magical power of thoughts and words.

A

Denial (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

100
Q

The opposite of projection, ____ involves ascribing the thoughts and behaviors of others to oneself to better control one’s affective responses to those thoughts and behaviors. ___ is typically operative at a very young age.

A

introjection introjection

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

101
Q

____ (also called intellectualization) occurs when an individual interprets his behaviors in a way that makes them seem more rational, logical, and/or socially acceptable. This defense rarely appears before adolescence.

A

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

102
Q

__ occurs when a person repeatedly engages in a behavior to undo the effects of a past action that he has found to be unacceptable. The behavior is typically the opposite of the unacceptable action.

A

Undoing (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental theory (Psychoanaltic Theory)

103
Q

___ __ __ involves severing the conscious psychological connection between an unacceptable impulse or behavior and its original memory source: the person remembers the experience but separates it from the affect associated with it.

A

Isolation of affect (defense mechanism)

Freud’s Personality/developmental Theory (Psychoanalytic Theory)

104
Q

Reaction formation, isolation of affect, and undoing have been associated with __-__ ___. Certain ___-___ __ traits may reflect obedience in defense against unacceptable rageful impulses.

A

obsessive-compulsive personalities obsessive-compulsive personalities

defense mechanisms/dysfunctional behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory

105
Q

Displacement is thought to underlie ____.

A

obsessions

defense mechanism/dysfunctional behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory

106
Q

Individuals with __ are believed to “project” their own threatening or unacceptable impulses onot others (projection).

A

paranoia

defense mechanism/dysfunctional behaviors
Psychoanalytic Theory

107
Q

Introjection & regression are thought to underlie ___. For example, the person internalizes the anger he feels toward someone else.

A

depression

defense mechanism/dysfunctional behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory

108
Q

For people ___ _ __, ambivalence to change has been associated by some theorists with unusually high levels of projection, denial, and rationalization. For instance, projection is used to rid oneself of uncomfortable feelings by attributing them to someone or something else

A

addicted to substances

defense mechanisms/dysfunctional behaviors

Psychoanalytic Theory

109
Q

Adler disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on the role of ____ ____ (especially sexual) forces in the development of personality and his lack of attention to ____ ____.

A

unconscious instinctual social factors

Adler’s Personality Theory (Individual Psychology)

110
Q

Adler agreed with Freud that all behavior is purposeful, but Adler adopted a ______ approach that regards behavior as being largely motivated by a person’s future goals rather than determined by past events.

A

teleological

Adler’s Personality Theory (Individual Psychology)

111
Q

Key concepts in Adler’s ____ ____ are inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life and social interest.

A

Individual psychology

Adler’s Personality Theory (individual psychology) Psychoanalytic Theory

112
Q

___ ___develop during childhood as the result of real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses, while a striving for superiority is an inherent tendency toward “perfect completion.”

A

Inferiority Feelings

Adler’s Personality Theory (Individual Psychology)
Psychoanalytic Theory

113
Q

The specific ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and to achieve superiority determine his ____ __ __, which unifies the various aspects of the personality.

A

Style of Life

Adler’s Personality Theory (individual psychology)
Psychoanalytic Theory

114
Q

Adler distinguished between a healthy and an unhealthy (mistaken) style of life, and he proposed that ____ ____ is the primary characteristic that differentiates between the two.

A

Social Interest

Adler’s Personality Theory (Individual Psychology)
Psychoanalytic Theory

115
Q

While a ____ ___ __ ___ is marked by goals that reflect optimism and confidence and entail contributing to the welfare of others, a ___ ___ __ __ is characterized by goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power.

A

healthy style of life mistaken style of life

Adler’s Personality Theory (Individual Psychology)
Psychoanalytic Theory

116
Q

According to Adler, a person’s style of life is affected by his ____ experiences, especially those occurring within the context of the ____.

A

early family
particularly important is whether a child is pampered/neglected by parents: Pampered children don’t develop social feelings; neglected children dominated by need for revenge

117
Q

Jung defined ___ as general psychic energy and believed that behavior is determined by ___ events and by ___ goals & aspirations.

A

libido past future

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytic Psychotherapy)
Psychoanalytic Theory

118
Q

In contrast to Freud, who emphasized the impact of the 1st 6 years, Jung viewed development as continuing ____ the _____ and, in fact, was most interested in growth after the ______.

A

throughout the lifespan mid-30s

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychoanalytic Theory

119
Q

Key concepts associated with Jung’s personality theory include the following (4):

A

The Conscious and Unconscious
Archetypes
Attitudes & Psychological Functions
Individuation

120
Q

From the perspective of Jung’s analytical psychotherapy, personality is the consequence of both ____ & ____ factors.

A

conscious & unconscious

121
Q

The ____ is oriented toward the external world, is governed by the ego, and represents the individual’s thoughts, ideas, feelings, sensory perceptions, and memories.

A

conscious

Adler’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychoanalytic Theory

122
Q

The ____ is made up of the personal ____ and the collective ____.

A

unconscious personal unconscious collective unconscious

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

123
Q

The ____ ____ contains experiences that were once conscious but are now repressed or forgotten or were unconsciously perceived.

A

Personal unconscious

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytic Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

124
Q

The ____ ___ is the repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

A

collective unconscious

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

125
Q

Included in the collective unconscious are _____, which are “primordial images” that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way.

A

Archetypes

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

126
Q

Name the 4 archetypes that are of particular importance to Jung’s personality development:

A

self: striving for unity of different parts of self
persona: public mask
shadow: “dark side” of the personality
anima & animus: feminine & masculine aspects of the personality

127
Q

Jung described the personality as consisting of 2 _____ (_____ & _____) and 4 basic ____ ____ (____, ____, ____, & ____)

A 
attitudes (extraversion & introversion)  
psychological functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, & intuiting)
128
Q

Although all 4 psychological functions operate in the unconscious of all people, one function ordinarily _____ in consciousness.

A

predominates

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

129
Q

A key concept in Jung’s personality theory is ______, which refers to integration of the conscious & unconscious aspects of one’s psyche, leading to the development of a unique identity.

A

individuation

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

130
Q

An important outcome of individuation is the development of ____, which occurs in the later years when one’s interests turn toward spiritual and philosophical issues.

A

wisdom

Jung’s Personality Theory (Analytical Psychotherapy)
Psychodynamic Theory

131
Q

____ -____ ____ considers object-seeking (relationships with others) as a basic inborn drive, and they emphasize a child’s early relationships with objects, especially the child’s internalized representations of objects and ____ ____.

A

object-relations theory
object relations

Object-Relations Personality Theories
(Psychodynamic Theory)

132
Q

____ are internalized representations.

A

introjects

Object-Relations Personality Theories
Psychodynamic Theory

133
Q

Mahler focuses on the processes by which an infant assumes his own physical & psychological identity is _____-_______ theory.

A

separation-individuation

Object–Relations Personality Theories
Psychodynamic Theory

134
Q

In Mahler’s Phases of Identity Development separation-individuation theory proposes the following phases (3)

A

Normal Autism
Normal Symbiosis
Separation-Individuation

135
Q

Mahler’s separation-individuation theory states that in the first month of life the infant is in a state of ____ ____ (_____ & _____) and is essentially oblivious to the external environment. If the infant’s needs are met by his parents, he will move to a normal state of symbiosis.

A

Normal Autism (detachment & self-absorption)

Object Relations Personality Theory
Psychodynamic Theory

136
Q

In Mahler’s theory between 2-3 months of age the infant is aware of his mother but has no sense of individuality; he & his mother are one. This is called ____ ______

A

Normal Symbiosis

Object Relations Theory
Psychodynamic Theory

137
Q

In Mahler’s theory, the actual development of object relations occurs during the ______-_____ phase and begins at about 4 months of age.

A

separation-individuation

Mahler’s Phases of Identity Development (Object-relations theory)
Psychodynamic Theory

138
Q

____ refers to the development of limits or the differentiation between the infant (self) and the mother.

A

Separation

Mahler’s Phases of Identity Development (Object-Relations Personality Theory) Psychoanalytic Theory

139
Q

_____ refers to the development of the infant’s ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities.

A

Individuation

Mahler’s Phases of Identity Development (Object-Relations Personality Theories) Psychoanalytic Theory

140
Q

____ ____ is a result of conflict between independence and dependence.

A

separation anxiety

Mahler’s Phases of Identity Development (Object-Relations Personality Theory) Psychodynamic Theory
review pg 18 vol.2

Human Development, Diversity, Behavior In The Environment (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions