Stress, Crisis, Trauma, and Grief Flashcards
_____ ______ are effective behaviors used to respond to or avoid sources of stress
Coping Skills
_______ _______ can be described as behavioral and personality patterns used to adjust or adapt to environmental pressures without giving up one’s goals or purposes
Coping mechanisms
What is the difference between a coping a strategy and an ego defense mechanism?
difference focuses on the degree to which the person’s response is under his conscious and voluntary control and whether reality distortion and self-deception are involved.
Coping Strategy is a relatively deliberate and conscious effort to solve a problem or handle personal distress.
Ego Defense mechanism is a habitual or unconscious problem-solving maneuver.
____ occurs when an internal and/or environmental demand challenges or exceeds an individual’s adaptive resources.
Stress
Responses to stress may include
physiological reactions (ulcers, high blood pressure, etc) psychological reactions (avoidance of a stressful event) and more serious mental conditions (learned helplessness, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders)
People under stress confront 2 primary challenges
- the need to manage their emotional and cognitive responses
- the need to determine what they should do in response to the stress or stressor.
_______-________ coping is used to reduce one’s emotional response to the stress
Emotion-focused coping
_______-______ (task-focused coping) coping uses strategies to deal directly with the source of the stress
Problem-focused coping
Usually a person must first deal with his/her _______ reactions before moving on to _____-_____.
emotional
problem-solving
but emotion-focused and task-focused coping often occur simultaneously.
_______ hypothesis shows that the subjective perception of social support is actually more critical than actual support, not only for alleviating feelings of loneliness but also for reducing the effects of stress and the risk for coronary heart disease.
buffering hypothesis
the _____-______ theory proposes that a person’s belief about his/her own ability is the most significant mediator of his adjustment.
self-efficacy
______ _____ __ ____ is a belief they have a degree of control over the causes or consequences of stress
Internal locus of control
_______ is sometimes used to refer what can be considered “good” stress and can motivate people to continue engaging in and enjoying activities and events that require effort but ultimately promote physical and emotional well-being. Give examples of _____
Eustress
physical exercise, completing coursework to graduate, having a baby, pursuing and attaining a desirable job.
_____ is a state of acute emotional upset that includes a temporary inability to cope by means of one’s usual problem-solving methods.
Crisis
A typical crisis lasts for no more than ___ to ___ weeks because a person cannot remain for too long in a state of acute emotional upset. At the end of a crisis, the person’s subjective discomfort diminshes.
6 to 8 weeks
Events alone do not activate crisis. Instead, crisis occurs when a person’s _______ of the event and available coping methods and social resources produce tension so severe that the person cannot find relief.
interpretation
Key determining factors that contribute to stress are
person’s cultural values related to the event, previous problem-solving ability, and current levels of social, material, and other support
List the 5 stages of crisis
- Hazardous Event
- Vulnerable State
- Precipitating Factor
- Active Crisis State
- Restoration of Equilibrium
______ _____ is an initial shock that disrupts a person’s equilibrium and initiates a series of reactions that may culminate in a crisis. It may be anticipated or unanticipated
Hazardous Event
_______ _____ is a person’s subjective response to stressful events in his/her life.
vulnerable state
The vulnerable state is marked by an increase in _____, which the person attempts to relieve by using his customary coping strategies. If these are unsuccessful, the person’s _______ continues to rise and, eventually, he is unable to function effectively.
anxiety
tension
The _________ ______ is the final stressful event in a series of events that moves a person from a state of acute vulnerability into crisis.
Precipitating Factor
The precipitating factor is often a _____ event, but it can assume catastrophic proportions in the context of other stressful events and the person’s _______ to use his usual problem-solving strategies. The precipitating factor can produce a range of responses, from a strong desire to seek ___ to a _____ attempt.
minor
inability
help; suicide
The ____ _____ ____ always includes disequilibrium, or disorganization, and normally involves 3 stages which are:
Active Crisis Stage
- physical & psychological agitation
- preoccupation with the events that led to the crisis
- gradual return to a state of equilibrium
During the active state stage of crisis, a person usually recognizes that his/her coping mechanisms are inadequate and, therefore, may be highly motivated to _____ and ____ help.
seek; accept
______ __ ______ is the successful reintegration following a crisis and depends on several factors including (2)
Restoration of Equilibrium
person’s ability to objectively evaluate the crisis situation
the development and use of adaptive coping strategies
In a _______ crisis, the crisis origin is a sudden random, shocking, and often catastrophic event that cannot be anticipated or controlled.
Situational
Factors that determine whether a person will experience a situational event as a crisis include his _______ or ______ of the event and available _____ ______ & _______ _____.
perception or interpretation
coping mechanisms; social supports
A situational crisis leads to emotional and psychological _______ when the stressful event shatters the person’s sense of security and makes him/her feel helpless and vulnerable.
Trauma
List the 7 sources of situational crisis:
- physical illness & injury
- Unexpected or untimely death of a loved one
- Crime, including for victimes and offenders
- Natural and man-made disasters
- War and related acts
- Other unexpected social or interpersonal events, such as divorce
- Other material or environmental losses or events, such as job
With a _______ crisis, the crisis origin is embedded in maturational process–struggle from one life stage (or role) to another. B/c these transitions are a part of normal development, they can be anticipated.
Maturational (Developmental)
In maturational crisis, transitional states may be either universal or non-universal. Explain the difference
Universal consist of normal life cycle passages from one developmental stage to the next.
Non-universal transitional states are transitions that not all people experience during the course of normal development.
Give examples of non-universal transition states
changes in social status, such as a shift from student to worker or from worker to retiree Like universal developmental transitions, non-universal transitions are usually anticipated and can be prepared for.
List the main transition issues, tasks and possible crisis events associated with childhood.
tasks center on socialization, relationship with parents, friendships, and success/failure in school.
Potential crisis events include peer conflict, loss of friends through moving, conflict with parents, school difficulties, and, in early childhood, entering school
List the primary transition issues, tasks and possible crisis events associated with adolescence.
Identity issues dominate.
Potential crisis events include success/failure in academics or athletics, graduation from high school, going to college, conflict with parents over personal habits and lifestyle, breakup with boy/girlfriend, unwanted pregnancy, career indecision, and difficulty on the first job.
List the primary transition issues, tasks, and possible crisis events associated with young adulthood (18-34).
transition issues: intimacy, parenthood, and getting started in a career or occupation.
Potential crisis events include rejection by boy/girlfriend, an extramarital affair, separation/divorce, unwanted pregnancy, birth of a child, inability to have children, illness in a child, discipline problems with children, inability to manage the demands of parenthood, academic difficulties, job dissatisfaction, poor performance in a chosen career, financial difficulties, conflict between career and family goals, and the “age 30 transition”
List the primary transition issues, tasks associated with middle adulthood (35-50).
Transition issues include reworking previous developmental issues and confronting new issues and challenges–the person evaluates what he has accomplished personally and professionally.
List the potential crisis events of middle adulthood (35-50).
awareness of physical decline, chronic illness (self or spouse), rejection by adolescent children, decisions about caring for an elderly parent, death or prolonged illness of parents, career setback, conflicts at work, financial concerns, moving associated with a job promotion, unemployment, sense of discrepancy between life goals and life achievements, dissatisfaction with goals achieved, regret over past decisions related to marrying/not marrying or having children/not having children, marital problems, return to work after raising children, and death of friends
List the primary transition issues, tasks and potential crisis events associated with Maturity (ages 50-65):
Transitions include consolidating one’s experience and resources and reorienting one’s life toward later years.
Potential crisis events include health problems, decisions related to retirement, resistance to retirement, changes in physical living arrangements, conflict with grown children, adjusting to an “empty nest”, death of a spouse, divorce, and conflict with parents
