Theories Flashcards
What is the evidence of a “communication problem”?
evidence:
- effect
- inherency (source of prob)
- significance (harm and extent of it)
Who created the Attribution Theory? (naive psychology)
Fritz Heider
What is Attribution Theory?
the theory of “why”
What tradition and world view is the attribution theory?
- Socio-psychological tradition
- Worldview 1
What are the three dimensions of Attributions?
- Locus (internal or external)
- Stability (stable or unstable)
- Controllability (within personal control or beyond our control)
What is an example of a bias in judging intentions?
A “fundamental attribution error”
we tend to judge ourselves more charitably than others
If you are in a high relational satisfaction and a liked behavior occurs, what is the attribution theory suggest?
Locus- internal
stability-stable
controllability- within
If you are in a HIGH relational satisfaction and a disliked behavior occurs, what is the attribution theory suggest?
locus- external
stability- unstable
controllability- beyond
If you are in a dissatisfaction relationship and a liked behavior happens then….?
locus- external
stability-unstable
controllability- beyond
If a disliked behavior happens in a dissatisfaction relationship what is the relational satisfactional?
locus-internal
stability- stable
controllability- within
Who created the common biases theory in judging intention after Fritz?
- Harvey
- Ickes
- Kidd
what are a common bias on judging intention?
we tend to hold others more responsible for NEGATIVE results than POSITIVE outcomes
Another example of common bias on judging intention…
we tend to hold other MORE responsible for NOT trying than for incompetence
what is an example of a common bias on judging intention? (a homeless man)
we tend to hold others MORE responsible when they aim to IMPROVE their position rather than AVIOD loss (a homeless man stealing food compared to a rich man throwing away food)
Can bad PR ruin someones reputation or send someone to jail? (Hint: Common Biases)
Yes, example: Martha Stewart
Saying nothing can do more damage because we hold others more responible when they aim to improve their position
What is another example of what we tend to do in regards of common bias? (Danielle; little girl sexually assaulted)
we tend to hold others more responibile when we fear the same thing might happened to us
Do we tend to hold others more or less responsible than we hold ourselves?
MORE
Who founded Elaboration Likelihood Theory?
Richard Petty and John Cacioppo
What causes “critical thinking” vs. mindless autopilot “peripheral route processing?
Flow Chart…..
Example: Social Media
What is the peripheral route process?
Message (persuasive coms.) > Motivated to process (personal relevance) > Use peripheral cues (speaker credibility) > Weak attitude change (temporary)
What is the central route process?
Message > Motivated > Able to Process > Cognitive Processing (Strong or Weak Case) > Strong Positive/ Negative Attitude Change
Why might you want a receiver to move into peripheral route processing? (ELT)
- to make a quick discussion (a fire or retail sales)
- persuasion
- can be good or bad
Who identified the peripheral route processing?
Robert Cialdini identified six factors that tend to send message receivers into peripheral route processing
What are the six cues of triggering peripheral route processing? (ELT)
- Reciprocation (you owe someone something)
- Consistency (always buy a type of thing) (Ex. ford or chevy)
- Social Proof (peer pressure or influence from a group)
- Liking (If you like me, you’ll agree with me)
- Authority (celebrity)
- Scarcity (time limit)
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
it is relationships between elements in the cognitive schemata:
- Dissonant (two elements that are different)
- Consonant
- Irrelevent (no relation)
Who created cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
What does dissonance create?
stress
What do people do to make them selves less stressed?
Humans seem to seek cognitive consistency (deny)
or talk themselves out of it
What can prevent dissonance?
selective exposure can prevent dissonance
What is an example of regretting a purchase and why do we regret it?
Post decisional dissonance (buyers remorse)
- heightened when the decision is a “close call”
- creates a need for reassurance (social support)
What shifts with a minimal justification?
minimal justification for action induces a shift in attitude
What does a traditional model do?
Traditional models: attitude determines behavior
What does Festinger say about attitude?
Festinger: behavior determines attitude (socially acceptance)
