Theories Flashcards
suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level
of physiological arousal.
arousal theory of motivation
Arousal theory shares some commonalities with what theory?
drive-reduction theory
Factors That Influence Arousal Theory
genetics
experience
Current mood
If you need to raise your arousal levels, you might:
● Engage in physical activity
● Socialize with friends
● Try something new and exciting
● Watch an action-packed movie
If you need to lower your arousal levels, you might:
● Enjoy a relaxing hobby
● Read a book
● Take a bath
● Take a nap
How Arousal Theory Works
When we become overly aroused, we seek soothing activities that help calm
and relax us. If we become bored, we search for more invigorating activities
that will energize and arouse us.
It’s all about STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE, but
that balance is unique to each individual.
is a motivational theory in psychology
comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as
hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
What are the five Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order from top to bottom?
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Security needs
Physiological needs
Examples of Physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Examples of Physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Examples of Security needs
Personal security, Employment, resources, health, property
Example of love and belonging
Friends, family, intimacy, sense of connection
Examples of esteem needs
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Example of self-actualization
Desire to become the most that one can be
Elements of D-needs or deficiency needs
Physiological needs
Security needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Elements of B-needs or Being (growth) needs
Self-Actualization
Motivation decreases as needs are met
Deficiency needs
Motivation increases as needs are met
Being (growth) needs
are the highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy, and refer to the realization of a
person’s potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
Self-actualization needs
Maslow (1943)
describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that
one can be.
Self-actualization needs
What are the basic needs?
Safety needs
Physiological needs
What are the psychological needs?
Love and belonging needs
Esteem
The expanded hierarchy of needs
IN ORDER
(developed during the 1960s and 1970s.)
- Biological and physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belongingness needs
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Self-actualization needs
- Transcendence needs
knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for
meaning and predictability.
Cognitive needs
appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
Aesthetic needs
A person is motivated by values beyond the
personal self (e.g., mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic
experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit of science, religious faith,
etc.).
Transcendence needs
says that humans have three types of
emotional needs: achievement, power and affiliation. Individuals can have any mix of these
needs. Their motivations and behaviors are shaped by the strength and blend of their specific
needs.
McClelland’s Theory of needs
three types of
emotional needs:
achievement
power
affiliation
getting things done
Achievement
having influence over others
Power
having good relationships
Affiliation
