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English Language Year 2 > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Who formed the behaviourist theory?

A

Skinner

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2
Q

What does the behaviourist theory discuss?

A

Children learn by:
- trial and error
- imitating adults
- operant conditioning

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3
Q

What does Paul and Norbery’s theory discuss?

A

They have said that caregivers add information on to children’s speech and writing via expansion and recasting.

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4
Q

Who formed the Nativist Theory?

A

Noam Chomsky

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5
Q

What does the Nativist Theory discuss?

A

Children have the innate ability to acquire language. It suggests that as children learn language, they create unique utterances.

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6
Q

Who created the Social Interactionist Theory?

A

Bruner

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7
Q

What does the Social Interactionist Theory by Bruner stress?

A

The fundamental role of social interaction in the development of a child’s language.

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8
Q

What term did Bruner coin to connect with Chomsky’s nativist theory?

A

LASS (Language Acquisition Support System), which is all about the child’s interaction with others.

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9
Q

What did Bruner say about child-directed speech?

A

It’s an important feature to help children acquire language

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10
Q

What are the 8 features associated with child-directed speech?

A

1) Simplified terms (condensed language and simple sentences)
2) Paralanguage and prosody
3) Convergence (Giles)
4) Shared knowledge (talking about content they are familiar with)
5) Interrogatives
6) Third person address
7) Inclusive language
8) Scaffolding

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11
Q

Which theory links to Bruner’s Social Interactionist theory?

A

William O’Grady’s caregiver language theory

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12
Q

Who came up with the cognitive theory?

A

Piaget

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13
Q

What does the cognitive theory entail?

A

Piaget said it is the idea that children can only understand language when they understand the concept. He said comprehension comes before application. A child must understand a word before they use it; they have to experience it.

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations

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15
Q

What does Piaget’s sensorimotor stage include?

A
  • approximately 0-2 years old
  • child experiences the world through senses and movement
  • object permanence learnt in the latter part of this stage
  • Goal-directed behaviour acquired
  • Become deliberate and choose actions (problem solvers)
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16
Q

What does Piaget’s preoperational stage include?

A
  • approximately 2-7 years old
  • egocentric - considers own viewpoint and judgement
  • collective monologues
  • sociodramatic play
  • beginning of simple classification
  • talk about events that happened in the past or people who are not in the room
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17
Q

What does Piaget’s concrete operations stage include?

A
  • approximately 7-11 years old
  • greater logical thought/reasoning - problem solvers, considering alternative outcomes
  • egocentric cognition disappears and children consider other viewpoints
  • greater understanding of classification
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18
Q

Whose theory is the caregiver language?

A

William O’Grady

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19
Q

What did O’Grady say is common form of child directed speech?

A

O’Grady said that it is common for caregivers to use shorter syntax as a form of child-directed speech (CDS).

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20
Q

How does O’Grady’s caregiver language contradict Skinner’s behaviourism and Paul and Norbury’s recasting?

A

He suggested that caregivers often leave the majority of children’s ungrammatical sentences alone, creating positive facework (Goffman).

21
Q

What did Clark’s theory discuss?

A

Clark has said that children often experiment with spatial terms due to them being relative and context dependent.

22
Q

What were Vygotsky’s theories called?

A

The Sociocultural Theory and the Sociodramatic Play Theory

23
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

A

It’s the range of abilities that an individual can perform with aid but cannot yet perform independently. A child’s ZPD will involve lots of scaffolding in earlier years.

24
Q

What did Vygotsky’s Sociodramatic Play theory discuss?

A

He linked sociodramatic play to both cognitive and social development. He also said that children ‘role-play’ adult behaviours as a part of exploring their environment.

25
Q

How did Catherine Garvey build on Vygotsky’s Sociodramatic Play theory?

A

She found that children adopt roles/identities, act out storylines and invent objects and settings as required in a role-play scenario.

26
Q

What was Michael Halliday’s theory?

A

Taxonomy language

27
Q

What did Halliday’s taxonomy language discuss?

A

He suggested that communication and language begins before children can speak. He broke down children’s early language functions into what he termed a taxonomy language.

28
Q

What are the seven different functions of Halliday’s taxonomy language?

A

Instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, representational

29
Q

What does Halliday’s instrumental function include?

A
  • Expressing needs
  • Language is used to fulfil a child’s need, directly concerned with obtaining food, drink and comfort
30
Q

What does Halliday’s regulatory function include?

A
  • Language is used to influence the behaviour of others
  • Concerned with persuading/commanding/requesting other people to do things you want - telling others what to do
  • Speaker is more dominant
31
Q

What does Halliday’s interactional function include?

A
  • Used to make contact with others and form relationships, e.g. ‘I love you’
  • It is language used to develop social relationships and is concerned with the phatic dimension of talk
32
Q

What does Halliday’s personal function include?

A
  • Used to express feelings, opinions and individual identity, e.g. ‘me good girl’
  • It is language used to express the self (refer to yourself)
33
Q

What does Halliday’s heuristic function include?

A
  • Language used to explore and gain knowledge about the environment - shows curiosity.
  • Children use language to learn; this may be questions and answers.
  • Or it could be the kind of running commentary that frequently accompanies children’s play.
34
Q

What does Halliday’s imaginative function include?

A
  • Here, language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create and imaginary environment.
35
Q

What does Halliday’s representational function include?

A
  • Use of language to convey facts and information e.g. ‘I’ve got something to tell you’
36
Q

What are the four grammatical stages of development?

A

Holophrastic, two-word stage, telegraphic stage, post-telegraphic stage

37
Q

What does the holophrastic stage include?

A
  • 12 to 18 months old
  • One word utterances - mainly nouns used to label and name objects (concrete), e.g. juice (holophrases)
38
Q

Which theorist is linked to the holophrastic stage?

A

Katherine Nelson

39
Q

What did Katherine Nelson discuss?

A

She looked at the first 50 words of a child. She found that 60% were nouns. Closely followed by verbs, then modifiers and finally personal/social words e.g. ‘hello’.

40
Q

What is included in the two-word stage?

A
  • Approximately 19 - 26 months old
  • Two-word combinations
  • It marks the beginning of syntactical development
  • Two-word utterances exhibit consistent word order, which has been described in terms of pivot and open words.
41
Q

Which theorist and theory relates to the two-word stage?

A

Roger Brown’s Meaning Relations

42
Q

What did Brown’s Meaning Relations discuss?

A

Brown said that when children first combine words, they talk about objects through pointing, naming indicating location, what they are like, who owns them etc (Nelson). They also talk about actions performed by people and the objects and locations of actions. These concepts should show that a child has finished in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

43
Q

What are Brown’s meaning terms?

A
  1. Entity - object
  2. Agent - person
  3. Action - the verb
  4. Attribute - modifier
  5. Affected - the object, person impacted
  6. Recurrence - requesting more, repetition
  7. Negation - denial/refusal
  8. Nomination - labelling
  9. Possessor - ownership
  10. Location - whereabouts
44
Q

What does the telegraphic stage include?

A
  • Approx 2-2.5 years old
  • Two or (mostly) three words
  • Elliptical or minor sentences - ‘telegraphic utterances.’ Content words are used; function/grammatical words often omitted.
  • Often reflects Chomsky as it demonstrates an inbuilt, innate understanding of grammar as children are clearly not imitating utterances.
45
Q

What does the post-telegraphic stage include?

A
  • 3 years onward
  • Begin to see more syntax awareness with sentences being longer and more complete.
  • Children will start to use more function/grammatical words.
  • They will start to formulate requests using modal auxiliary verbs.
  • Expect to see overgeneralisations as vocabulary increases.
46
Q

What was Berko and Brown’s fish/fis phenomenon?

A

A child referred to his inflatable fish as fis. When adults asked ‘is this your fis?’, he rejected the statement. When asked, ‘is this your fish?’, he responded, ‘yes this is my fis’. This shows that although the child could not produce the phoneme, he could perceive it as being different from the phoneme /s/.

47
Q

What did Berko and Brown’s study suggest?

A

Berko and Brown suggest that children often find it challenging to make the right sound but expect adults to say the world accurately. This therefore shows that children can be aware of many different phonemes before they are able to produce them themselves.

48
Q

What did Bleile suggest?

A

Children between the ages of 2-5 years often substitute fricatives and affricates for plosives. This is because plosives are easier sounds to produce in comparison to fricatives and affricates. E.g. this -> /dis/.

English Language Year 2 (7 decks)

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