Lexis Flashcards
Define positive reinforcement
Also known as expressives, this is where a caregiver uses positive wording to encourage a child’s learning, e.g. ‘very good’ and ‘well done.’ It is a form of operant conditioning.
Define negative reinforcement
This is where a caregiver will correct a child to help them learn, in the hopes that the child will then imitate this behaviour. This is another form of operant conditioning.
Define operant conditioning
Where a child tries out all sorts of utterances and is conditioned to repeat certain language patterns through positive and negative reinforcement.
Define child-directed speech
This is a form of caregiver language that involves caregivers accommodating towards the way a child will speak.
Define expansion
This is the process of adding more to the content present, e.g. adding to their declarative sentences
Define recasting
This is changing the form of the content, e.g. adding in a negative particle or changing the sentence into a question - a form of negative reinforcement.
Define classification
Understanding categories. E.g. In a farm animal classification, you will have cow, sheep, pig, goat etc.
Define overextension
Lexical categorisation where a child learns labels and overextends them; e.g. all four legged animals are dogs.
Define overextension
Lexical categorisation where a child learns labels and overextends them; e.g. all four legged animals are dogs.
What are the four types of overextension?
Categorical, mis-match statements and analogical
Define categorical overextension
One word is applied to everything in that category. E.g. calling all round fruit ‘apple.’
Define analogical overextension.
One word is used to describe something in a different category. E.g. calling an apple and the moon ‘ball’ as they are both ball-shaped.
Define mis-match statements
Where children use a random word with loose associations with the object(s); for example, saying ‘mummy’ when they see their mother’s coat.
