Phonology Flashcards
Define co-articulation.
Where a sound occurs in two places in the mouth. E.g. /w/
Define allophone.
Where you have two phoneme variants. E.g. /n,/ and /n/; /l/ and /l,/.
Define monopthong.
A vowel that stays in one place in the mouth.
Define dipthong.
A vowel that moves position in the mouth.
Define the schwa vowel.
/ə/
Define the strut vowel.
/ʌ/
Define the near-close, near-back rounded vowel.
/ʊ/. E.g. ‘book’.
Define articulatory phonetics.
The umbrella term for place and manner of articulation.
Define place of articulation.
Where the sound’s made. E.g. bilabial plosive -> place of articulation is the bilabials.
Define manner of articulation.
How the sound is a made. E.g. bilabial plosive -> manner of articulation is the plosive.
Define /b/ and /p/.
Bilabial plosive. Easy phonemes for children. Often substitute harder ones for these sounds. /b/ is voiced and /p/ is voiceless.
Define /t/ and /d/.
Alveolar plosives. Fairly easy for children to grasp. /t/ is voiceless and /d/ is voiced.
Define /k/ and /g/.
Velar plosives. /k/ is voiceless and /g/ is voiced. Also fairly easy for children but not as easy as the other plosives due to their place of articulation being further back in the mouth.
Define /f/ and /v/.
Labiodental fricatives. /v/ is voiced and /f/ is voiceless. Fricatives are not as easy as plosives, but these two are the easiest fricative. Labiodental are easier than dental due to an easier place of articulation.
Define /ð/ and /θ/.
Dental fricatives. /θ/ is voiceless and /ð/ is voiced. Children often substitute these with alveolar plosives or labiodental fricatives - though this could also be an accent/idiolectal.
Define /s/ and /z/.
Alveolar fricative. Fricatives are not as easy as plosives but these two are the easier fricative phonemes.
Define /ʃ/ and /ʒ/.
Post alveolar fricatives. /ʒ/ is voiced and /ʃ/ is voiceless. Children find these challenging and often substitute these sounds for the alveolar fricatives. E.g. /ʃ/ shell; /ʒ/ treasure.
Define /tʃ/ and /ʤ/.
Post-alveolar affricates (stop the air and then release without friction). Children find these really challenging and may substitute these for alveolar plosives. E.g. /tʃ/ choose; /ʤ/ jet.
Define /l/ and /l,/.
Alveolar laterals (raise the tongue and the air flows past one or both sides of the tongue). These are neither easy or hard. /l/ is light and /l,/ is dark. E.g. /l/ lucky; /l,/ full.
Define /m/.
Bilabial nasal. These are easy phonemes - which is why children often say ‘mamma’ first.
Define /n/ and /n,/.
Alveolar nasals. /n,/ is known as a ‘syllabic’ (a consonant that replaces the vowel). E.g. ‘even’. These two variants of ‘n’ are called allophones.
Define /ŋ/.
Velar nasal. This is the ‘ing’ sound on present particle verbs like ‘dancing’. If a child misses this, it’s likely due to spontaneity and idiolect or accent.
Define /r/.
Alveolar approximant. This is a difficult phoneme as it involves curling the bottom lip to the top teeth. Children often substitute /r/ for /w/.
Define approximants.
Consonants which are similar to vowels in articulation. One articulator approaching another but without the tract becoming narrow to create friction.
