theories Flashcards
who created the behaviourist theory
skinner
what theory did skinner create
behaviourist
what is the behaviourist theory
that children learn by
-trial and error
-imitating adults or mko
-operant conditioning- positive and negative reinforcement
what theory says that children learn via
-imitating adults of mko
-trial and error
-operant conditioning
Behaviourist theory : skinner
what were paul and norbury’s findings
that caregivers add info onto the children’s speech and writing via expansion and recasting
who found that caregivers add information onto children’s speech and writing via expansion and recasting
paul and norbury
who created the social interactionist theory
bruner
what is the social interactionist theory
that social interaction is fundamental in a child’s development
bruner coined the term LASS for language acquisition support system
he said child directed speech is an important feature to help children acquire language
what theory did Bruner create
social interactionist theory
what theory said that that social interaction is fundamental in a child’s development
bruner coined the term LASS for language acquisition support system
he said child directed speech is an important feature to help children acquire language
social interactionist theory
what theories did Chomsky create
the nativist theory
poverty of the stimulus
who created the nativist theory
chomsky
what is the nativist theory
that children have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language called the LAD
as children learn language they make virtuous errors or overgeneralisations when experimenting with language and using in non-standardly
what theory said that that children have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language called the LAD
as children learn language they make virtuous errors or overgeneralisations when experimenting with language and using in non-standardly
nativist theory : chomsky
what theory did O’Grady create
caregiver language
who created the caregiver language theory
O’Grady
what did O’Grady’s caregiver language theory say
that caregivers use shorter syntax as a form of child directed speech however often leave most un-grammatical sentences alone
what theory said that that caregivers use shorter syntax as a form of child directed speech however often leave most un-grammatical sentences alone
O’Grady’s Caregiver language
who created the Cognitive theory
Piaget
what theory did Piaget create
Cognitive theory
what was Piaget’s cognitive theory
that children only understand language when they understand the concept (e.g can only use past tense when they understand the concept of time)
and there are 3 stages
-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operations
what theory do the stages
-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operations
come under?
Piaget’s Cognitive theory
what is the sensorimotor stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory
-approx age 0-2
-they experience the world through senses and movement
-object permanence is learnt later on in this stage
-goal directed behaviour is acquired
-they start to act deliberately and choose actions
what stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory is
-approx age 0-2
-they experience the world through senses and movement
-object permanence is learnt later on in this stage
-goal directed behaviour is acquired
-they start to act deliberately and choose actions
sensorimotor stage
what is the preoperational stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory
-approx age 2-7
-egocentric behaviour
-collective monologues
-sociodramatic play
-beginning of simpler classifications
-begin to talk about events that happened in the past or people not in the room
what stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory is
-approx age 2-7
-egocentric behaviour
-collective monologues
-sociodramatic play
-beginning of simpler classifications
-begin to talk about events that happened in the past or people not in the room
preoperational stage
what is the concrete operations stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory
-approx age 7-11
-greater logical thought/reasoning, problem solving and considering alternate outcomes
-egocentric cognition disappears and children consider other’s viewpoints
-greater understanding of classification
what stage according to piaget’s cognitive theory is
-approx age 7-11
-greater logical thought/reasoning, problem solving and considering alternate outcomes
-egocentric cognition disappears and children consider other’s viewpoints
-greater understanding of classification
concrete operations
what are the 3 stages according to piaget’s cognitive theory
-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operations
what did clark say children experiment with
spatial terms due to them being relative and context dependent
who said that children experiment with spatial adjectives due to them being relative and context dependent
clark
who made the Sociocultural theory
Vygotsky
what theory did Vygotsky create
the sociocultural theory
what did Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory say
that children acquire values, beliefs, and problem solving through collaboration with a MKO. that community is significant in a child’s development
he also said that children have a
zone of proximal development - the ability a child has with help but is something they cannot yet do without. MKO’s do this through scaffolding
what theory said that children acquire values, beliefs, and problem solving through collaboration with a MKO. that community is significant in a child’s development
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
what theory said that children have a zone of proximal development which is the ability a child has with help but is something they cannot yet do without. MKO’s do this through scaffolding
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
who created the Taxonomy of Language
Halliday
what theory did Halliday create
the Taxonomy of Language
what does Halliday’s Taxonomy of Language say
that language acquisition begins before children can speak and there are different reasons for children speaking:
-instrumental
-regulatory
-interactional
-personal
-heuristic
-imaginative
-representational
what theory said that language acquisition begins before children can speak and there are different reasons for children speaking:
-instrumental
-regulatory
-interactional
-personal
-heuristic
-imaginative
-representational
Halliday’s Taxonomy of Language
what is the instrumental taxonomy of language
language used to fulfil and child’s need of food, drink or comfort
what is the regulatory taxonomy of language
language used to influence the behaviours of others
requesting, persuading or commanding other people
what is the interactional taxonomy of language
used to make contact with someone and form and develop social relationships
phatic dimensions of talk
e.g love you, mummy
what is the personal taxonomy of language
used to express feelings, opinions and individual identity.
used to express the self
e.g ‘me good girl’
what is the heuristic taxonomy of language
language used to explore and gain knowledge about the environment - shows curiosity
children use language to learn: this may be questions and answer or the kind of running commentary that frequently accompanies sociodramatic play
what is the imaginative taxonomy of language
language used to tell stories and jokes and to create an imaginary environment
what is the representational taxonomy of language
use of language to convey facts and information
e.g ‘I’ve got something to tell you’
‘Miss Roberts said….’
which taxonomy is language used to fulfil and child’s need of food, drink or comfort
instrumental
which taxonomy is language used to influence the behaviours of others
requesting, persuading or commanding other people
regulatory
which taxonomy is used to make contact with someone and form and develop social relationships
phatic dimensions of talk
e.g love you, mummy
interactional
which taxonomy is used to express feelings, opinions and individual identity.
used to express the self
e.g ‘me good girl’
personal
which taxonomy is language used to explore and gain knowledge about the environment - shows curiosity
children use language to learn: this may be questions and answer or the kind of running commentary that frequently accompanies sociodramatic play
heuristic
which taxonomy is language used to tell stories and jokes and to create an imaginary environment
imaginative
what did Katherine Nelson study and discover
she looked at a child’s first 50 words.
she found that 60% were nouns, followed by verbs, modifiers and finally personal / social words like hello, goodbye, please, thank-you
which taxonomy is use of language to convey facts and information
e.g ‘I’ve got something to tell you’
‘Miss Roberts said….’
representational
who found that out of a child’s first 50 words 60% were nouns, followed by verbs, modifiers and finally personal / social words like hello, goodbye, please, thank-you
Katherine Nelson
what stage of development does Katherine Nelson link to
holophrastic stage
what person and study does the holophrastic stage of development link to
Katherine Nelson’s study of a child’s first 50 words
who created the meaning relations theory
roger brown
what theory did roger brown create
meaning relations theory
what did brown’s meaning relations theory study and say
studied two word utterances
said that when they first combine words they talk about objects: pointing, naming, location etc
they also talk about actions
who studied and what theory talk about two word utterances and
said that when they first combine words they talk about objects: pointing, naming, location etc
they also talk about actions
roger browns meaning relations
what are the 8 different meaning relations studied by roger brown
agent + action
negation
action + location
entity + location
recurrence
possessor + possession
nomination
agent + affected
what are these and who created them
agent + action
negation
action + location
entity + location
recurrence
possessor + possession
nomination
agent + affected
the meaning relations by roger brown
what stage of development links to roger browns meaning relations
two word stage
what theory must you apply to the two word stage of development
roger browns meaning relations
what do these different meaning terms mean:
-entity
-agent
-action
-attribute
-affected
-recurrence
-negation
-nomination
-possessor / possession
-location
entity - object
agent - person
action - verb
attribute - modifier
recurrence - requesting more /repetition
negation - denial / refusal
nomination - labelling
possessor/possession - ownership
location - where something is
what can the stages of development only be applied to
grammar content
what are the different stages of development
holophrastic
two word
telegraphic
post-telegraphic
what are these
holophrastic
two word
telegraphic
post-telegraphic
stages of development
only applicable to grammar
what and when is the holophrastic stage of development
-approx 12-18 months
-one word utterances (holophrases) mainly used to label and name objects
what stage of development is this:
-approx 12-18 months
-one word utterances (holophrases) mainly used to label and name objects
holophrastic stage
what and when is the two word stage of development
-approx 19-26 months
-two word combinations
-the beginning of syntactic development
-pivot and open words
which stage of development is this:
-approx 19-26 months
-two word combinations
-the beginning of syntactic development
-pivot and open words
two word stage
what and when is the telegraphic stage of development
-approx 2-2.5 years
-two or (mostly) three words
-minor/elliptical sentences ‘telegraphic utterances’
-content (open) words are used and function (pivot) words are often omitted
-reflects Chomsky’s Nativist Theory
what stage of development is this:
-approx 2-2.5 years
-two or (mostly) three words
-minor/elliptical sentences ‘telegraphic utterances’
-content (open) words are used and function (pivot) words are often omitted
-reflects Chomsky’s Nativist Theory
telegraphic stage
what and when is the post-telegraphic stage of development
-approx 3 years onwards
-syntax awareness begins
-sentences get longer and more complete
-children start to use function (pivot) words
-start to formulate requests
-expect to see overgeneralisation
-links to Chomsky’s Nativist Theory
what stage of development is this:
-approx 3 years onwards
-syntax awareness begins
-sentences get longer and more complete
-children start to use function (pivot) words
-start to formulate requests
-expect to see overgeneralisation
-links to Chomsky’s Nativist Theory
post-telegraphic stage
who created the Poverty of the Stimulus theory
Chomsky
what does Chomsky’s Poverty of the Stimulus say
-that children are not exposed to rich enough data within their linguistic environments to acquire every feature of their language
- which may be why they overgeneralise -as they have to rely on their LAD
what theory said
-that children are not exposed to enough data within their linguistic environments to acquire every feature of their language
- which may be why they overgeneralise -as they have to rely on their LAD
Chomskys poverty of the stimulus
who created the statistical learning theory
Jenny Saffran
what theory did Jenny Saffran create
Statistical learning
what did Jenny Saffran’s statistical learning theory say and who did it contest
-contested chomsky’s poverty of the stimulus
-said that children are exposed to too much data
what theory
-contested chomsky’s poverty of the stimulus
-said that children are exposed to too much data
Jenny Saffran’s statistical learning theory
what is the mnemonic to remember the taxonomy of language
Really - regulatory
Interesting - instrumental
People - personal
Hide - heuristic
In - imaginative
Red - representational
Igloos - interactional
what was Berko and Brown’s study
a child referred to a fish as a fis
when the adult asked if it was his fis he said no
when asked if it was his fish he said yes
this shows that although he couldn’t produce the /ʃ/ phoneme (sh) he knew it was different from /s/
who’s study is this:
a child referred to a fish as a fis
when the adult asked if it was his fis he said no
when asked if it was his fish he said yes
this shows that although he couldn’t produce the /ʃ/ phoneme (sh) he knew it was different from /s/
Berko and Brown’s
what is bleile’s theory
children between the ages of 2-5 often substitute fricatives and affricates for plosives
this is because they are easier to say
e.g this -> dis
who said that children between the ages of 2-5 often substitute fricatives and affricatives for plosives
this is because they are easier to say
e.g this -> dis
Bleile
what is the pneumonic for Halliday’s taxonomy of language
really interesting people hide in red igloos
what was Bellugi’s theory on negative forms
3 stages
stage 1 - the child uses the determiners ‘no or ‘not’ at the beginning or end of a sentence (two word and telegraphic)
stage 2 - the child uses ‘no or ‘not’ inside the sentence (telegraphic)
stage 3 - the child attaches the negative to verbs securely and uses contractions standardly.
(post telegraphic)
what theory said
there are 3 stages
stage 1 - the child uses the determiners ‘no or ‘not’ at the beginning or end of a sentence (two word and telegraphic)
stage 2 - the child uses ‘no or ‘not’ inside the sentence (telegraphic)
stage 3 - the child attaches the negative to verbs securely and uses contractions standardly.
(post telegraphic)
Bellugi’s negative forms
what theories did Bellugi create
negative forms
pronoun use
what theorist commented on a child’s use of
negative forms
pronouns
Bellugi
what was Bellugi’s theory on pronouns
3 stages
stage 1 - the child uses their own name rather than pronouns (two word)
stage 2 - the child recognises the I/me pronouns though doesn’t always use them standardly (two word, telegraphic)
stage 3 - the child uses pronouns in mostly standard accusative and nominative forms and understands plurality, gender and possession (post-telegraphic)
what theory said that there are
3 stages
stage 1 - the child uses their own name rather than pronouns (two word)
stage 2 - the child recognises the I/me pronouns though doesn’t always use them standardly (two word, telegraphic)
stage 3 - the child uses pronouns in mostly standard accusative and nominative forms and understands plurality, gender and possession (post-telegraphic)
Bellugi’s pronouns
what is stage 1 in Bellugi’s pronoun theory
stage 1 - the child uses their own name rather than pronouns (two word)
what is stage 2 in Bellugi’s pronoun theory
stage 2 - the child recognises the I/me pronouns though doesn’t always use them standardly (two word, telegraphic)
what is stage 3 in Bellugi’s pronoun theory
stage 3 - the child uses pronouns in mostly standard accusative and nominative forms and understands plurality, gender and possession (post-telegraphic)
what stage of Bellugi’s pronoun theory is this
the child uses their own name rather than pronouns
stage 1
what stage of Bellugi’s pronoun theory is this
the child recognises the I/me pronouns though doesn’t always use them standardly
stage 2
what stage of Bellugi’s pronoun theory is this
the child uses pronouns in mostly standard accusative and nominative forms and understands plurality, gender and possession
stage 3
what is stage 1 in Bellugi’s negative forms theory
stage 1 - the child uses the determiners ‘no or ‘not’ at the beginning or end of a sentence (two word and telegraphic)
what is stage 2 in Bellugi’s negative forms theory
stage 2 - the child uses ‘no or ‘not’ inside the sentence (telegraphic)
what is stage 3 in Bellugi’s negative forms theory
stage 3 - the child attaches the negative to verbs securely and uses contractions standardly.
(post telegraphic)
what stage of Bellugi’s negative forms theory is this
the child uses the determiners ‘no or ‘not’ at the beginning or end of a sentence
stage 1
what stage of Bellugi’s negative forms theory is this
the child uses ‘no or ‘not’ inside the sentence
stage 2
what stage of Bellugi’s negative forms theory is this
the child attaches the negative to verbs securely and uses contractions standardly.
stage 3
what did david crystal say
that children use pragmatic devices to indirectly say no e.g ‘maybe’ to portray a negative response which shows greater understanding of grammar, politeness and the way society works
who said that children use pragmatic devices to indirectly say no e.g ‘maybe’ to portray a negative response which shows greater understanding of grammar, politeness and the way society works
David Crystal
what did Rescorla say
she divided overextensions into categorical, analogical and mismatch statements
55% were categorical (most)
19% were analogical (least)
who said this:
they divided overextensions into categorical, analogical and mismatch statements
55% were categorical (most)
19% were analogical (least)
Rescorla
what was Aitchison’s Lexical categorisation theory
she looked at the connections between children’s lexical and semantic development.
she believed children go through 3 stages: labelling, packaging and network building
what theory and who said
looked at children’s lexical and semantic development and said
that children go through 3 stages: labelling, packaging and network building
Aitchison’s Lexical categorisation Theory
what was stage one of Aitchison’s lexical categorisation theory
labelling task - child identifies objects and people
e.g understanding ‘mummy’ refers to the child’s mother
what was stage two of Aitchison’s lexical categorisation theory
packaging task - exploring and testing the boundaries and extent of the label. overextensions and underextensions are frequent
what was stage three of Aitchison’s lexical categorisation theory
network building task - grasping connections between words. understands there are synonyms and antonyms and the relationship between hypernyms and hyponyms. SHOWS SEMANTIC AWARENESS
What stage of Aitchinson’s lexical categorisation is this:
child identifies objects and people
e.g understanding ‘mummy’ refers to the child’s mother
labelling - stage 1
What stage of Aitchinson’s lexical categorisation is this:
exploring and testing the boundaries and extent of the label. overextensions and underextensions are frequent
packaging - stage 2
What stage of Aitchinson’s lexical categorisation is this:
grasping connections between words. understands there are synonyms and antonyms and the relationship between hypernyms and hyponyms. SHOWS SEMANTIC AWARENESS
network building - stage 3
What was Rothery’s theory
That recounts and narratives follow a set pattern
1. Orientation - context, sets scene
2. Event - what actually happened
3. Reorientation - a completion of the writing
What is Rothery’s theory only applicable to
Written data
Who created the theory that:
Recounts and narratives follow a set pattern
1. Orientation - context
2. Event - what actually happened
3. Reorientation - a completion of the writing
Rothery
What was Nutbrown’s theory
Quality education is key to a child’s learning and development.
Exposure to the environment has an affect on children’s development
Who said:
Quality education is key to a child’s learning and development.
Exposure to the environment has an affect on children’s development
Nutbrown
What is Nutbrown only applicable to
Written data
What theories can you only apply to written data
-Nutbrown
-Rothery
-Labov
-Britton
-Barclay
What was Labov’s narrative structure (6)
Abstract - signals the story is about to begin. Media res contests this
Orientation - context, the who, what, when, where
Action - what happened
Resolution - what finally happened
Coda - signals the end of the story and can link back
Evaluation - comments, gestures throughout the story to show how this is interesting
Who’s and what theory is this:
Abstract - signals the story is about to begin. Media res contests this
Orientation - context, the who, what, when, where
Action - what happened
Resolution - what finally happened
Coda - signals the end of the story and can link back
Evaluation - comments, gestures throughout the story to show how this is interesting
Labov’s narrative structure
What can Labov’s narrative structure be applied to
Written data
Who can Labov’s narrative structure be applied to
Older children
What was Britton’s theory
There are 3 modes to a children’s writing
1. Expressive - resembles speech. Use of first person and content is based on personal preference
2. Poetic - creativity begins. Use of adjectives, similes. May use phonological features such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration
3. Transactional - around secondary school age. More academic essays. Formal style and third person voice
Who said that:
There are 3 modes to a children’s writing
1. Expressive - resembles speech. Use of first person and content is based on personal preference
2. Poetic - creativity begins. Use of adjectives, similes. May use phonological features such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration
3. Transactional - around secondary school age. More academic essays. Formal style and third person voice
Britton
What are Britton’s 3 modes of children’s writing
- Expressive - resembles speech. Use of first person and content is based on personal preference
- Poetic - creativity begins. Use of adjectives, similes. May use phonological features such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration
- Transactional - around secondary school age. More academic essays. Formal style and third person voice
What are the 6 parts of Labov’s narrative structure
Abstract - signals the story is about to begin. Media res contests this
Orientation - context, the who, what, when, where
Action - what happened
Resolution - what finally happened
Coda - signals the end of the story and can link back
Evaluation - comments, gestures throughout the story to show how this is interesting
What can Britton be applied to
Written data
What was Barclays theory
That there are 7 stages to a child’s orthography and graphology
1. Scribbling
2. Mock handwriting
3. Mock letters
4. Conventional letters
5. Invented spelling
6. Appropriate spelling
7. Correct spelling
Who suggested this theory:
There are 7 stages to a child’s orthography and graphology
1. Scribbling
2. Mock handwriting
3. Mock letters
4. Conventional letters
5. Invented spelling
6. Appropriate spelling
7. Correct spelling
Barclay
What texts can Barclay be applied to
Written
What is stage 4 of Barclays theory
Conventional letters
-sounds are linked to letters
-spacing still isn’t there
-words may be reduced to initial-consonant e.g ‘g’ for ‘goat’
-reception age (4-5)
What is stage 5 of Barclays theory
Invented spelling
-phonetic spelling
-familiar, simple words are often spelt correctly
-segmenting
What stage of Barclays theory is this
-sounds are linked to letters
-spacing still isn’t there
-words may be reduced to initial-consonant e.g ‘g’ for ‘goat’
-reception age (4-5)
Stage 4 : conventional letters
What stage of Barclays theory is this
-phonetic spelling
-familiar, simple words are often spelt correctly
-segmenting
Stage 5 : invented spelling
What is stage 6 of Barclays theory
Appropriate spelling
-more complex sentences
-standard spelling is more apparent
-writing is quite legible
What of stage Barclay’s theory is this
-more complex sentences
-standard spelling is more apparent
-writing is quite legible
Stage 6 : Appropriate spelling
What is stage 7 of Barclays theory
Correct spelling
-spelling is more accurate than not
-cursive font is more common (joint handwriting)
What stage of Barclays theory is this
-spelling is more accurate than not
-cursive font is more common (joint handwriting)
Stage 7 : correct spelling
What is the pneumonic to remember Labov’s narrative structure
American
Otters
All
Read
Creative
Endings
What is the pneumonic for Barclay’s theory
So
Many
Men
Can
Illustrate
All
Cats
What was Bowerman’s theory
That verbal overgeneralisations or adjective experimentation mostly occurred when children developed a fairly large vocabulary.
Location verbs - cause someone or something to change location (e.g put or take)
State verbs - cause someone or something to change state (e.g make or made)
Possession verbs - involves possession (e.g give or gave)
Who said:
That verbal overgeneralisations or adjective experimentation mostly occurred when children developed a fairly large vocabulary.
Location verbs - cause someone or something to change location (e.g put or take)
State verbs - cause someone or something to change state (e.g make or made)
Possession verbs - involves possession (e.g give or gave)
Bowerman
What are location verbs and who’s theory are they apart of
Bowerman
Cause someone or something to change location e.g put or take
What are state verbs and who’s theory are they apart of
Bowerman
Cause someone or something to change state e.g make or made
What are possession verbs and who’s theory are they apart of
Bowerman
Involves possession e.g give or gave
