phonology

Question 1

co-articulation

Answer 1

where a sound occurs in two places of the mouth
e.g /w/ phoneme

Question 2

allophone

Answer 2

when you have two phoneme variants
e.g /n/ and /n,/

Question 3

monophthong vowels

Answer 3

vowels which stay in one position of the mouth

Question 4

diphthong vowels

Answer 4

vowels which move position in the mouth

Question 5

schwa vowel

Answer 5

/ə/ ‘letter’

Question 6

strut vowel

Answer 6

/ʌ/ ‘up’

Question 7

near-close near-back rounded vowel

Answer 7

/ʊ/ ‘book’

Question 8

articulatory phonetics

Answer 8

the umbrella term for place and manner of articulation

Question 9

place/point of articulation

Answer 9

where the sound is made

Question 10

manner of articulation

Answer 10

how the sound is made

Question 11

bilabial plosive

Answer 11

/b/ - voiced
/p/ - voiceless
easy for kids to say

Question 12

alveolar plosives

Answer 12

/t/ - voiceless
/d/ - voiced
easy for kids to say

Question 13

velar plosives

Answer 13

/k/ - voiceless
/g/ - voiced
not as easy as other plosives but fairly easy

Question 14

labiodental fricatives

Answer 14

/f/ - voiceless
/v/ - voiced
often substitute labiodental fricatives in for dental fricatives

Question 15

dental fricatives

Answer 15

/ð/ - voiced
/θ/ - voiceless
often substituted for labiodental fricatives

Question 16

alveolar fricatives

Answer 16

/s/ - voiceless
/z/ - voiced
two of the easier fricatives

Question 17

post alveolar fricatives

Answer 17

/ʃ/ - voiceless ‘sh’
/ʒ/ - voiced ‘measure’
challenging, often substituted for alveolar fricatives

Question 18

post alveolar affricates

Answer 18

/ʧ/ - voiceless ‘ch’
/ʤ/ - voiced ‘j’ ‘dge’
challenging, often subsituted for alveolar plosives

Question 19

alveolar lateral

Answer 19

/l/ - light ‘luck’
/l,/ - dark ‘full’
allophone
neither easy nor difficult

Question 20

bilabial nasal

Answer 20

/m/
easy

Question 21

alveolar nasal

Answer 21

/n/ ‘no’
/n,/ ‘man’
allophones

Question 22

velar nasal

Answer 22

/ŋ/
if a child misses this, it is likely due to spontaneity and accent

Question 23

alveolar approximant

Answer 23

/r/
children often replace /r/ with /w/ (labial-velar approximant)

Question 24

labial-velar approximant

Answer 24

/w/
fairly easy

Question 25

palatal approximant

Answer 25

/j/ ‘y’
not hardest nor easiest

Question 26

glottal fricative

Answer 26

/h/
if deleted it is likely due to idiolect

Question 27

glottal plosive / stop

Answer 27

/ʔ/
idiolect feature

Question 28

assimilation

Answer 28

harmonisation of sounds often happens so sounds in one part of the word replace other ones
e.g d in dog becomes gog
spoonerisms are an example of how assimilation being accidental

Question 29

unstressed syllable deletion

Answer 29

where children drop quiet syllables e.g banana -> nana

Question 30

initial consonant deletion

Answer 30

where the initial consonant is deleted
e.g grass -> rass

Question 31

final consonant deletion

Answer 31

where the end consonant is deleted
e.g dog -> do

Question 32

consonant cluster reduction

Answer 32

consonant clusters are difficult for children to grasp. this may mean they reduce some
e.g grasp to rasp

Question 33

initial consonant cluster

Answer 33

very difficult
e.g tii for tree or kai for sky

Question 34

final consonant cluster

Answer 34

very difficult
e.g mik or mil for milk

Question 35

reduplication

Answer 35

children sometimes pronounce different syllables in a word the same way
e.g bottle ‘bubu’
or ‘mumu’ for window

Question 36

segmenting

Answer 36

identifying individual sounds in a word

Question 37

phonics

Answer 37

the teaching of reading and writing
the sound of graphemes

Question 38

pedagogy

Answer 38

teaching / education