Theories Flashcards

Question

**Psychodynamic**

Answer 1

- ego, id, superego - defense mechanisms - transference and countertransference - free association - resolution of internal conflicts - libido - aggression - defense mechanisms: automatic, unconscious strategies for reducing anxiety - helps the therapist to know where a person is “stuck” (developmentally), what is being defended against (feared impulses), and how (favored coping and defense mechanisms) - Sigmund Freud (Ego Psychology) - less focused on the patient-therapist relationship and more focused on the patient’s relationship with their external world - Individuals who have the capacity to be self-reflective and are looking to obtain insight into themselves and their behavior are best suited to this type of therapy. - longer term than CBT - our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences - scribble technique complements the psychoanalytic principles of projection and free association

Answer 2

regression in service of ego wrote psychoanalytic exploration in art (1959)

Answer 3

originally form of dream interpretation (Jung) subjective: active imagination to find associations to the symbol. objective: themes from mythology, religion, and other sources to illuminate the symbol

Answer 4

humans have innate drive to form and maintain relationships and relationships with people around us shapes our personality - the “object” in object relations theory refers to the who and what in which a person’s libidinal energy is invested. - “libidinal energy”: constitutional reservoir of energy and life that is part sexual, part aggressive, but is more than either. - human behavior is conceptualized within a tripartite system of id, ego, and superego, which, when unbalanced, creates the conflicts manifesting themselves in the range of defenses and symptoms characteristic of the neuroses. - The therapist cannot actually be that which the patient lost, yet the therapist’s presence and actual living with the patient’s problems serve to repair the original damage and problem

Answer 5

early fantasy life of infant - projection and introjection - splitting defense (borderline personality disorder)

Answer 6

- good enough mother - transitional space - transitional object - holding environment - Winnicotts squiggle game - object-relations

Answer 7

mother/child dyads - developmental stages of human attachment normal autism: infant respponds primarily to body sensations and internal stimuli normal symbiosis: caretaker and baby form attachment and merged as one rapproachment: child drawn to and runs from caretaker separation/individuation: "object constancy

Answer 8

intermediate area of experience where there is no clear distinction between inner and outer reality art and play

Answer 9

object that is important to the child because it represents something beyond what it actually is stuffed animal, blanket, artwork

Answer 10

Uncovering traumatic events that had been repressed (“making the unconscious conscious”) thought to be the key to recovery from neurotic illness conscious unconscious defense mechanisms: projection displacement sublimation dream symbolism

Answer 11

client’s unconscious projection of feelings onto the therapist originate in repressed or unfinished situations helps to identify distorted perceptions, which are assumed to be based on unresolved conflicts from the past patients’ attachment to the art work gradually replaced their dependence on the therapist (Naumburg)

Answer 12

symbolic ways in which the therapist perceives and responds to the patient clue to what is being evoked in the therapist by the patient

Answer 13

The “compromise” effected by the “ego” consists of finding some way to satisfy or discharge the impulse, without offending either the environment (reality) or the individual’s moral code (“superego”)

Answer 14

source of repressed (forbidden) wishes (impulses, ideas). These impulses (the “instinctual drives”) constantly strive for discharge (satisfaction) and are expressed in a disguised form, because only in that way can they bypass the “censor” (the force serving to keep unwelcome ideas out of awareness)

Answer 15

therapist helps the patient to understand and gain control over previously unknown sources of distress through questions, clarifications, confrontations, and other forms of intervention—especially interpretations, in which possible connections may be tactfully proposed. free association dream analysis focus on recognizing, acknowledging, understanding, expressing, and overcoming negative and contradictory feelings and repressed emotions helping the patient understand how repressed emotions from the past affect current decision-making, behavior, and relationships. help those who are aware of and understand the origins of their social difficulties but are not able to overcome problems on their own. Patients learn to analyze and resolve their current difficulties and change their behavior in current relationships through deep exploration and analysis of earlier experiences and emotions.

Answer 16

Only idiosyncratic associations to the manifest content can lead to the hidden significance of the dream

Answer 17

aggressive drive

Answer 18

depression those who have lost meaning in their lives and have difficulty forming or maintaining personal relationships social anxiety disorder eating disorders problems with pain relationship difficulties borderline personality disorder *less used in instances of psychosis, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 19

Dr. Murray Bowen. each members behavior and emotions are interdependent and influence functioning of family unit personalities, emotions, and behaviors of grown individuals are a result of their birth order, their role within their family of origin and the coping mechanisms helps individuals resolve their problems in the context of their family units work individual and together 8 interlocking concepts

Answer 20

Nathan Ackerman Jay Haley Salvador Minuchin Murray Bowen Hanna Kwiatkowska

Answer 21

Broader social and cultural forces can influence family relationships.

Answer 22

Birth order can affect the dynamics between children, siblings, and parents.

Answer 23

Family conflict with no resolution may lead some people to sever a relationship entirely.

Answer 24

Small differences in differentiation between children and parents can lead to large differences among extended family members over time.

Answer 25

Parents may displace their feelings or anxieties onto their children, who then may displace their own feelings or anxieties onto others.

Answer 26

Relational patterns that occur in the family, including marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse, impairment of one or more children, and emotional distance.

Answer 27

The sense of individuality a person develops, rather than relying on others in their family or social groups.

Answer 28

The relationship dynamic between three people, which may influence relationships with others in the family.

Answer 29

family conflict Substance use disorder Alcohol use disorder Depression Anxiety Bipolar disorder Personality disorders Eating disorders Coping with physical disabilities and disorders

Answer 30

Martin Seligman emphasizes traits, thought patterns, behaviors, and experiences that are forward-looking and can help improve the quality of a person’s day-to-day life goal is to minimize negativity in one’s thinking and behavior and to develop a more optimistic and open attitude that will enhance rather than disrupt one’s social, professional, and spiritual life optimism spirituality hopefulness gratitude happiness creativity perseverance justice meaning and purpose free will

Answer 31

promote well-being by building upon what is good in our lives. negativity bias— an evolutionary mechanism that naturally commands our attention and propels us to channel resources toward correcting what is not functioning in our environment Recent research demonstrates that experiencing high levels of well-being leads to greater physical health and longer life, improved work performance, good citizenship, and stronger social networks and societies PERMA Positive Emotions Engagement Relationships Meaning Achievement just the process of doing art evokes positive emotions. -Depict three positive events that happened during the day and what about you or the situation made them happen -represent a positive memory -identify the things that you value and give your life meaning -depict a door that closed and a door that opened -visualize and make symbols for people and creatures who matter to you or someone who you admire

Answer 32

P Is for Positive Emotions: The pursuit of positive emotions will not necessarily improve your well-being. However, the experience of positive emotions through savoring your day-to-day moments may well boost well-being. E Is for Engagement: Being engaged with life is important for well-being. Otherwise, your mind and body will run on automatic and you may suffer tedium and little meaning. R Is for Relationships (Positive Ones): We thrive when we are connected in meaningful relationships. M Is for Meaning: A sense of meaning and purpose is essential to well-being. A Is for Accomplishment and Achievement: We each need to succeed and accomplish the goals we set. This quest for self-improvement is essential.

Answer 33

Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and their colleagues in the late 1970s focus on clients present and future goals accept client as expert in an equal position of collaboration with therapist finding solutions in the present and exploring one’s hope for the future in order to find a quick and pragmatic resolution of one’s problems

Answer 34

Goal setting neutralizing resistance - remove outside issues and focus on problem exception finding questions- can you think of a time when that problem didnt happen miracle question facilitating change 0-10 scale empathic support narrative therapy

Answer 35

John Bowlby 1960s brief, process-oriented form of counseling client-therapist relationship is based on developing or rebuilding trust and centers on expressing emotions looks at the connection between an infant’s early attachment experiences with primary caregivers, usually with parents, and the infant’s ability to develop normally and ultimately form healthy emotional and physical relationships as an adult

Answer 36

strong early attachment led to safety, security, and support, which then led children to develop healthy connections with others

Answer 37

insecure, threatened, suspicious, and fearful of being rejected

Answer 38

develops during early childhood, particularly in those who do not experience sensitive responses to their needs or distress causes a low tolerance for emotional or physical intimacy and, sometimes, struggles with building long-lasting relationships

Answer 39

can often lead to inconsistent behavior in relationships want to be close to another person but then pull away out of fear often the result of maltreatment, abuse, or trauma by a parent or caregiver when you're young

Answer 40

trauma- and stressor-related condition of early childhood caused by social neglect and maltreatment aware of what happens around them, but they don't respond emotionally to what's going on may not show or seek affection from caregivers or others and prefer to be alone.

Answer 41

art therapy focus mostly on normal artistic development, and general principles of cognitive development (Piaget) focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood center on various aspects of growth, including social, emotional, and cognitive development. treatment goals: sensory stimulation skill Aquisition adaptation

Answer 42

Failing to resolve the conflicts of a particular stage can result in fixations that can then have an influence on adult behavior. The Oral Stage Age Range: Birth to 1 Year Erogenous Zone: Mouth The Anal Stage Age Range: 1 to 3 years Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control The Phallic Stage Age Range: 3 to 6 Years Erogenous Zone: Genitals The Latent Period Age Range: 6 to Puberty Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive The Genital Stage Age Range: Puberty to Death Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests

Answer 43

Successfully managing the challenges of each stage leads to the emergence of a lifelong psychological virtue. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months) Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years) Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five) Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11) Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18) Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40) Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65) Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

Answer 44

Sensorimotor Stage: (birth - age two) infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli. Pre-Operational Stage: (2 - 6) child learns to use language. children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people. Concrete Operational Stage: (7 - 11) children gain a better understanding of mental operations. begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Formal Operational Stage: (12 to adulthood) people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. - deductive reasoning: general to particular (cause to effect) - inductive reasoning: detailed facts to general principles (ability to generalize) - transductive reasoning: cause and effect may be confused or inaccurate

Answer 45

both children and caregivers engage in behaviors designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and connected to their caregivers who in turn provide a safe haven and a secure base for exploration.

Answer 46

Albert Bandura By observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information.

Answer 47

parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were responsible for developing higher-order functions Through interacting with others, learning becomes integrated into an individual's understanding of the world zone of proximal development: gap between what a person can do with help and what they can do on their own

Answer 48

Marsha Linehan effective with history of self harm and borderline personality acquisition of skills takes precedence over uncovering maladaptive thinking. strong educational component designed to provide skills for managing intense emotions and negotiating social relationships treatment of choice for borderline personality disorder, emotion dysregulation, and a growing array of psychiatric conditions group instruction and individual therapy sessions, both conducted weekly for six months to a year, dialectic: real life is complex, and health is not a static thing but an ongoing process hammered out through a continuous Socratic dialogue with the self and others goals: (1) identify and solve problem(s) (2) address behaviors that undermine the therapeutic process (3) work on problems that interfere with quality of life (4) gain skills related to self-care, self-soothing, and mindfulness (5) learn to ask for help when needed (6) keep the patient invested In the treatment process through weekly team meetings

Answer 49

Personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder Self-harm Post-traumatic stress disorder Bulimia Binge-eating disorder Depression Anxiety Substance use disorder Bipolar disorder

Answer 50

Individual sessions usually last an hour group meetings, usually consisting of four to 10 people, are designed to run for an hour and a half to two hours present-oriented and skills-based patients are asked to practice their skills between sessions (homework) Mindfulness distress tolerance Emotion regulation interpersonal effectiveness, allowing a person to communicate with others in a way that is assertive, maintains self-respect, and strengthens relationships

Answer 51

William R. Miller in 1983 and further developed by Miller and psychologist Stephen Rollnick The first goal is to increase the person’s motivation and the second is for the person to make the commitment to change. helps people resolve ambivalent feelings and insecurities to find the internal motivation they need to change their behavior practical, empathetic, and short-term process that takes into consideration how difficult it is to make life changes often used to address addiction and the management of physical health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and asthma 4 key principles

Answer 52

The therapist listens carefully to the patient and conveys that they understand the patient’s feelings, beliefs, and experiences.

Answer 53

clients possess the strength and ability to grow and change—even if past attempts at change have failed. supports the patient’s belief in themselves that they can change. calling attention to the patient’s skills, strengths, or past successes.

Answer 54

therapist avoids becoming defensive or argumentative if they encounter resistance help the patient identify the problem and solution themself. The therapist doesn’t impose their viewpoint on the patient but helps the patient consider multiple viewpoints.

Answer 55

identify discrepancies between their present circumstances and their future goals. What thoughts and behaviors do they need to change to achieve those goals? guides the patient in spotting this discrepancy and solutions to reduce it.

Answer 56

O.A.R.S. Open-ended questions: encourage patients to think deeply or differently about a given problem. Affirmations: recognize a client’s strengths, which can instill confidence, or self-efficacy, in their ability to change. Reflections: listening to the patient and reflecting back a response, which can demonstrate empathy as well as point out discrepancies between their current behaviors and goals. Summaries: recapping at the end of a session.

Answer 57

- Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Termination - specific focus: educational, career, social, or personal. - emphasizes interpersonal communication of conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior within a here-and-now - often problem oriented, and members largely determine content and aims. - Group members typically do not require extensive personality reconstruction, and their concerns generally relate to the developmental tasks of the life span. - growth oriented - provides empathy and support to create trust that leads to sharing and exploring concerns. - members assisted in developing existing skills in dealing with interpersonal problems

Answer 58

use of creative techniques such as drawing, painting, collage, coloring, or sculpting to help people express themselves artistically and examine the psychological and emotional undertones in their art clients can interpret the nonverbal messages, symbols, and metaphors often found in these art forms, which should lead to a better understanding of their feelings and behavior so they can move on to resolve deeper problems

Answer 59

Perception and self-perception: Art helped the participants focus on the present moment, identify their emotional responses, and connect their emotions and body awareness. Personal integration: They strengthened their identity and self-image. Emotion and impulse regulation: They improved the ability to regulate and control emotions. Behavior change: They learned to change their behavioral responses to themselves and others, perhaps through the self-directed nature of art-making. Insight and comprehension: They verbalized their emotions and experiences.

Answer 60

Carl Gustav Jung psycho-spiritual approach emphasis on myth and symbols bring together conscious and unconscious parts of the mind to help a person feel balanced and whole collective unconscious & universal archetypes mandals and its uses

Answer 61

event in outside world coincides meaningfully with state of mind

Answer 62

sacred, protected space personal container and sense of privacy that surrounds analytical relationship indicated by images of quaternary nature (mandalas)

Answer 63

differentiation development of individual personality depends on relationship btwn ego and unconscious leads to realization of self as greater than ego

Answer 64

wholeness center of psyche appears in dreams, myths, and fairytales or in form of totality symbol (circel, square, cross)

Answer 65

central complex out of self that ego develops

Answer 66

eternal child child-god forever young older man whose emotional life at adolescent level coupled with too great dependence on mother

Answer 67

descriptive of unconscious shadow tendencies of ambivalent mercurial nature

Answer 68

hidden or unconscious aspects of self good and bad repressed or never recognized often experienced through projection

Answer 69

heros journey quest or task leading toward forging identity

Answer 70

group of memories and interpretations related to archetype

Answer 71

primordial, structural elements of psyche insticntual images universal patterns or motifs basic content of religions, mythologies, legends, and fairy tales

Answer 72

assimilating unconscious contents through self expression give voice to sides of personality normally not heard first stage like dreaming with open eyes spontaneous or induced

Answer 73

specializing in neurosis bringing unconscious to consciousness less emphasis on transference

Answer 74

achieve unity between the conscious and unconscious mind closest someone could come to God.

Answer 75

Dream analysis: dreams are communications from the unconscious mind. Word association: specific words are said and therapist record how long it takes the patient to respond with the first thing that comes to mind. Art or dance therapies: painting, drawing, and dancing are conduits through which the unconscious mind can express itself and that the exercises themselves may help repair the areas of a patient’s ailments that come through their art-making. exploring the "shadow" focuses more on the source of a problem than on its manifestations or symptoms

Answer 76

modern-day lie detector test Jackson Pollock Myers-Briggs personality test

Answer 77

basic personality style characterized by a preference for the inner life of the mind over the outer world of other people

Answer 78

personality trait typically characterized by outgoingness, high energy, and/or talkativeness

Answer 79

Edward Thorndike all behaviors are learned and that behaviors can be changed umbrella term including CBT applied behavior analysis exposure therapy Cognitive behavioral play therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy DBT

Answer 80

Systematic desensitization "classical conditioning" Aversion therapy: teaching people to associate a stimulus that’s pleasant but unhealthy with an extremely unpleasant stimulus reinforcement punishment shaping modeling

Answer 81

four specific drawing tasks explore and express various dimensions of the couple's relationship structured to evoke particular dynamics and interactions between the partners first task - self-portrait. express their self-perception and personal identity independently of their partner. second task - exchange their self-portraits and then alter the portrait created by their spouse. represents the influence and impact each individual has on the other, highlighting the reciprocal nature of their relationship. third task - abstract portrait of the marital relationship. separately create a drawing that represents their view of the relationship as a whole. emphasizes the personal and subjective interpretations of the shared bond from the perspective of each partner. fourth task - joint scribble. both partners work together on a single piece of paper, adding to a joint scribble without any specific instructions other than to interact through the drawing. designed to reflect the couple's ability to cooperate and communicate non-verbally, showcasing the dynamics of their partnership in real-time.

Answer 82

medical history payment schedules goals and objectives insurance forms disclosure forms

Answer 83

inclusion of any of the arts therapies—art, music, dance/movement, drama, and poetry/writing underlying belief - principle of unconscious expression expression, imagination, active participation, and mind-body connection

Answer 84

responsibility to clients

Answer 85

client artwork ethical principle

Answer 86

Alfred Adler understanding unique perceptions and experiences strive for sense of belonging and significance To challenge clients' basic premises and life goals Help clients achieve personal success and become contributing members of society

Answer 87

Jean Piaget and Howard Gardner intellectual functioning: level of functioning, capacity for symbolic functioning, and concrete to abstract thinking memory perception sequencing problem-solving development of a person's thought processes how thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world.

Answer 88

multiple intelligence theory - word - logic - picture - music - body - person - self

Answer 89

best known idea is explanation of child’s habit of becoming very attached to a favorite blanket or toy - Interaction with this material object tends to lessen anxiety and also help the child adapt to change. "good enough" mother continuum of separation individuation

Answer 90

development of social and family roles dev of social responsibility potential for regression in dev

Answer 91

libido: aggression: oedipal complex: (how Freudian concepts may be manifested in art and behavior)

Answer 92

continuum of gross to fine motor skills normal dev of eye-hand coordination

Answer 93

heredity and diet play important roles girls accelerated in physical growth boys develop more muscle tissue by adolescence phylogenetic reflexes (birth) voluntary movement crawls, creeps, stands precise pincer grasp walks alone (12-15months) runs, climbs (18 months) delights in scribbling builds tower of 9 cubes (3 years) improved eye-hand coordination (4 years) copies square, triangle (4-5) uses scissors (5-6 yrs) basic motor skills present by 6 years but need refinement - ride bicycle, skip rope, play sports

Answer 94

scribble (2 years) Preschematic (3-4 years) Schematic (5-6) Drawing Realism (Gang) (7-10) Pseudo-naturalistic (crisis) (11-13) Period of Decision (14+)

Answer 95

14+ years Art is something to be done or left alone Natural development will cease unless a conscious decision is made to improve drawing skills Students are critically aware of the immaturity of their drawing and are easily discouraged. Lowenfeld's solution is to enlarge their concept of adult art to include non-representational art and art occupations besides painting (architecture, interior design, handcrafts, etc.) Support: Encourage artistic prompts that are inspired by emotions. Study work of master artists to experience a vast range of styles and techniques that can be mimicked and added to a child’s “toolbelt of skills.”

Answer 96

11-13 years end of art as spontaneous activity as children are increasingly critical of their drawings. focus on the end product - strive to create "adult-like" naturalistic drawings. Light and shadow, folds, and motion are observed with mixed success, translated to paper. Space is depicted as three-dimensional by diminishing the size of objects that are further away. The beginning of adolescence marks the end of artistic development among most children, due to frustration at "getting things right." Those who do manage to weather the crisis and learn the "secret" of drawing will become absorbed in it. Edwards believes that proper teaching methods will help children learn to see and draw and prevent this crisis. Support: Balance observational drawing with art based in meaning. Show artwork where the outward appearance is secondary to the emotional response or message sent to the viewer. Continue to practice perspective, shading, anatomy and composition as well as color theory.

Answer 97

7-10 years schematic generalization no longer suffices to express reality. more detail for individual parts but is far from naturalism in drawing. Space is discovered and depicted with overlapping objects in drawings and a horizon line rather than a base line. Children begin to compare their work and become more critical of it. While they are more independent of adults, they are more anxious to conform to their peers. (9-10 years) children try for more detail, hoping to achieve greater realism, a prized goal. Concern for where things are in their drawings is replaced by concern for how things look The passion for realism is in full bloom. When drawings do not "come out right" (look real) they seek help to resolve conflict between how the subject looks and previously stored information that prevents their seeing the object as it really looks. Children struggle with perspective, foreshortening, and similar spatial issues as they learn how to see. Support: Introduce techniques to simplify complex forms for drawing, such as finding basic geometric shapes in objects. Explore one-point perspective to continue growth with spatial relationships. Encourage experimentation with abstract (non-objective) drawing to increase the scope of art awareness. Practice shading, anatomy, and simple composition.

Answer 98

2 years enjoyable kinesthetic activity, not attempts at portraying the visual world. After six months of scribbling, marks are more orderly name scribbles Random scribbles begin at age one-and-a-half, but quite quickly take on definite shapes. Circular movement is first because it is most natural anatomically. Support: Give toddlers ample opportunities to make marks with a variety of easily grasped tools. Use colorful materials and introduce papers with a range of textures.

Answer 99

5-6 years schema: a definite way of portraying an object, modified when he needs to portray something important. The schema represents the child's active knowledge of the subject. definite order in space relationships: everything sits on the base line. develop a set of symbols to create a landscape. (blue line and sun at the top of the page and a green line at the bottom become symbolic representations). Landscapes are composed carefully, giving the impression that removing any single form would throw off the balance of the whole picture. Support: Discuss basic atmospheric perspective and overlapping to enhance an understanding of spatial relationships. Simple figure drawing increases awareness of all the parts of the body to be drawn. Continue to invite children to tell stories and talk about their work.

Answer 100

3-4 years conscious creation of form (3ish) - provides a tangible record of the child's thinking process. first representational attempt is a person - usually with circle for head and two vertical lines for legs. other forms develop, clearly recognizable and often quite complex. Children continually search for new concepts, so symbols constantly change. tell stories or work out problems with her drawings, changing basic forms as needed to express meaning. (4 or 5ish) Often once the problem is expressed, the child feels better able to cope with it. Support: Ask children to explain their drawings and tell the stories that spring from their work. Avoid guessing what symbols may be; ask and listen.

Answer 101

restricted her focus to line formations formal design emerges before pictorialism left to their own devices and provided with appropriate materials, children will self-educate themselves artistically and develop a uniquely individual sense of aesthetics. Pattern (24-31 months / 2-3) Shape (24-36 months / 2-3) Design (36 - 48 months / 3-4) Pictoral (48 months / 4years)

Answer 102

3-4 years 1. Combines: units of two diagrams 2. Aggregates: Units of two or three diagrams. 3. Mandalas: Sanskirt word for circle. Child proceeds from mandalas, to suns, to humans. Mandaloid formations are perceived by children long before the first diagrams are made. 4. Suns: The sequence from mandala to sun is a prevailing sequence that appears only after the child has drawn complex aggregates. The sun and mandala provide stimulus for the child’s first drawings of humans. 5. Radials: A formation with lines that radiate from a point or small area usually from the center. Early radials appear to be formed from a rhythmic motion, and do not require eye control. these forms can appear by 18 months in the form of placement patterns.

Answer 103

4 + years 1. Humans: The first humans are made when the child joins the face aggregate with body parts that form a modified mandala. 2. Animals: Early animals resemble humans that are horizontal. Usually by this time children are influenced by pictures of animals books. 3. Buildings: Are drawn by combining diagrams in various ways, not by observing houses. 4. Vegetation: Early trees resemble armless humans. 5. Transportation: Children draw common formulas for boats and wheeled vehicles whether or not they have seen them. Pictorial labels for these formulas may not be used by the child until an adult uses them. 6. (5 years) Children copy schemas favored by society: often a time of crisis in child art. Kindergarten teachers seldom appreciate spontaneous art, and give children formulas to copy. Once formulas for objects which are “acceptable” to adults are learned , the child will make combinations of them into scenes. 7. (6 years) Most children stop all spontaneous art activity by the age of eight or so, those that go on usually study and practice the techniques to master various media.

Answer 104

2-3 years 1. Emergent Diagrams: Emergent Diagrams are formed when the total configuration implies a shape. 2. Diagrams: Definite shapes drawn in outline form.

Answer 105

2-3 years 1. basic scribbles: Classified into 20 different types these marks appear to be spontaneous with or without eye control. 2. Placement patterns: Require both seeing and the eye’s guidance of the hand.

Answer 106

research and family art therapy coauthored a short book that helped introduce the field of art therapy to the general public

Answer 107

- art as therapy - influenced by Freud - goal of therapy: establishing possibility of sublimation (primitive urges transformed by ego into socially productive outlets - art) - work with children - synthesis of content and form was achieved by transforming emotional material into fully formed images - emphasizes the intrinsic therapeutic potential in the art-making process

Answer 108

psychoanalytic understanding of patient is enhanced through art expression as therapy

Answer 109

transference to art object permanence of art object externalization of inner material through artwork how art therapy provides means for illustration of world view of clients and families

Answer 110

Steven C. Hayes action-oriented approach stems from behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy learn to stop avoiding, denying, and struggling with inner emotions accept that deeper feelings are appropriate responses to certain situations that should not prevent them from moving forward in their lives core principles: - acceptance - cognitive diffusion - being present - self as context - values - committed action

Answer 111

belief that human wellbeing is connected to natural world utilize healing power of nature goals: alleviate stress enhance well being ecological interconnectedness

Answer 112

acknowledges and addresses impact of gender-based inequalities and power dynamics on mental health social, cultural, and political factors influence experiences goal: empower clients promote self-determination challenge oppressive norms foster sense of agency

Answer 113

Protests are full of strong emotions which are often released in art Art therapists are social activists Artistic activism is a practice aimed at generating aeffect Strategic arts-based peacebuilding Art therapists viewed as most useful in leadership At roles in social movements Visualizing injustices: Create art to spark change, not just shock “What do you want policy makers to know about your experience as a ___” Representing voices: Can use your art to create image of your experience Ensure stories are not exploited or misunderstood Using these images to create an exhibit Bringing people together: Portable studio/ urban art therapy studio Art used as a way to begin discussion Imagining solutions: Imagination is core to social justice

Answer 114

community based efforts and social activism incorporates advocacy, education, and direct involvement in community initiatives recognizes societal context where people live empower clients within therapy and communities collaborative efforts to address systemic issues and promote positive change for individuals and larger social environments

Answer 115

Margaret Naumburg: “release” of unconscious imagery through “spontaneous” art expression was therefore central to her approach to education, as well as to her later development of what she called “dynamically oriented art therapy. attempted to stimulate free association

Answer 116

- "mother of art therapy" - influenced by Jung and Freud - art psychotherapy (art in therapy) - spontaneous drawings within the framework of psychoanalysis - free associations - art productions were viewed as symbolic communication of unconscious material in a direct, uncensored, and concrete form

Answer 117

founded The Bulletin of Art Therapy in 1961 - The American Journal of Art Therapy after 1970 published the first book of collected essays on art therapy

Answer 118

Richard Schwartz within each individual, there are multiple sub-personalities "parts" understand, communicate with, and harmonize various parts self-leadership and compassion

Answer 119

focus on physical sensations, movements, and experiences connection between mind and body emotional issues can manifest physically and vice versa mindfulness breathwork body awareness somatic experiencing most effective for: trauma, stress, anxiety

Answer 120

views individuals as part of larger systems problems and behaviors not fully understood isolation reciprocal influence btwn individuals and environments

Answer 121

Goren-Bar Stage 1: Contact. initial period, contact with the art form Stage 2: Organization. organizes the various elements Stage 3: Improvisation. uses trial and error to explore materials and characteristics of the medium Stage 4: Central theme. theme becomes clear and person invests more attention and effort in that particular aspect of the artwork Stage 5: Elaboration (Variation). person is preoccupied with the modification, development, or improvement of the artwork. Stage 6: Preservation. ending of the experience (distancing, preserving the work, putting it away, or presenting it)

Answer 122

Sandra Graves-Alcorn & Vija Lousebrink Understanding what is happening in the brain can help us to develop experientials Less about dominance and more about communication between sides of the brain cognitive symbolic perceptual affective kinesthetic sensory

Answer 123

process individuals go though when making behavior change 1: pre contemplation 2: contemplation 3: preparation 4: action 5: maintenance change is dynamic and individuals may cycle through multiple times before lasting change

Answer 124

stages of moral reasoning level 1 - premoral - obeys rules to avoid punishment - conforms to receive favors or rewards level 2 - morality of conventional role-conformity - conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others - conforms to avoid censure by legitimate authorities level 3 - morality of self-accepted moral principles - accepts social contract, democratic ideas - develops individual principles of conscience moral thinking evolves from focusing on self-interest to considering broader ethical principles provides insight to how individuals grapple with ethical dilemmas

Answer 125

- birth-5 months: coos, Vocalizes pleasure and displeasure sounds differently, Makes noise when talked to - 6-11 months: Understands "no-no", Babbles, "ma-ma" or "da-da" without meaning, Tries to communicate by actions or gestures, Tries to repeat your sounds, Says first word - 12-17 months: Answers simple questions nonverbally, Says 2 to 3 words to label a person or object, Tries to imitate simple words, Vocabulary of four to 6 words - 18-23 months: 50 words, pronunciation unclear, common foods by name, animal sounds, pronouns, 2-word phrases - 2-3 years: spatial concepts, pronouns, descriptive words, 3-word sentences, Speech more accurate, Answers simple questions, question inflection, plurals, regular past tense verbs - 3-4 years: Groups objects, Identifies colors, most speech sounds, Strangers able to understand, describe use of objects, poems and recognizes language absurdities, Expresses ideas and feelings, verbs that end in "ing,", Answers simple questions, Repeats sentences - 4-5 years: spatial concepts, complex questions, Speech is understandable, some irregular past tense verbs, Describes how to do things, Lists items, Answers "why" questions - 5 years: time sequences, Carries out series of 3 directions, Understands rhyming, Engages in conversant, 8 or more words sentences, compound and complex sentences, Describes objects, Uses imagination to create stories

Answer 126

childs skill in speaking and communicating orally

Answer 127

ability to comprehend spoken language

Answer 128

grammar or sentance structure

Answer 129

tendency of child to make language regular

Answer 130

child repeats same sounds over and over - not normative beyond babbling period

Answer 131

- 0-6 months: Grabbing objects and passing things between hands. - 6-12 months: Using thumb and forefinger for pincer grip and picking up smaller objects. - 1-2 years: Stacking blocks, holding a pencil and using a spoon. - 2-3 years: Drawing circles or simple shapes, turning pages of a paper book and beginning to control a ball. - 3-5 years: Developing better use of cutlery, showing intention with the fine placement of small objects and beginning to write. - 5-7 years: Coloring within the lines, being able to do and undo buttons and beginning to play sport.

Answer 132

perception is strongly identified with thinking, artistic expression is another way of reasoning

Answer 133

refusing to accept reality or facts blocking external events from awareness to avoid emotional distress

Answer 134

unconsciously pushing distressing memories or thoughts out of awareness

Answer 135

when people attribute their unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others

Answer 136

transferring feelings from original source of distress onto safer, more acceptable target

Answer 137

explaining unacceptable behavior or feeling in rational or logical way avoiding true reasons for behavior

Answer 138

when individual reverts to earlier stage of development in response to stress or conflict

Answer 139

behaving in way that is opposite to ones true feelings b/c those feelings are socially or personally unacceptable

Answer 140

channeling unacceptable impulses into more acceptable or socially valued activities

Answer 141

focusing on facts, logic, and abstract reasoning to avoid dealing with emotional content

Answer 142

person disconnects from thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity

Answer 143

attempt to reverse or undo thought or behavior that is deemed unacceptable by engaging in opposite behavior

Answer 144

tendency to view people or situations as all good or all bad

Answer 145

engaging in destructive or risky behaviors as way of expressing feelings that are otherwise difficult to verbalize

Answer 146

retreating into imaginary world to escape painful realities

Answer 147

process of separating conflicting thoughts, behaviors, or emotions into separate mental compartments to avoid distress that arises from coexistence

Answer 148

- sister of Naumburg - art educator - developed kinesthetic warm up

Answer 149

- worked with patients in psychiatric hospital - studio approach

Answer 150

- art therapy in psychiatic after care - 4 basic art styles archaic linear archaic massive traditional linear traditional massive - creative initiative as main vehicle for mental health

Answer 151

emotional intelligence - ability to interact with others - read emotional cues - communicate effectively

Answer 152

humanist and Jungian approaches dialoguing with artwork Lesley college art therapist as "Shaman" movement, drumming, and vocalizing to expand on imagery in artwork

Answer 153

studio approach embracing mysterious nature of creative process artists authentic experience

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