Theoretical Models of Personality Development

Question 1

What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 1

Structure of personality:
Id - primitive and instinctual part of the mind
Ego - executive functions like personality, realistic mediatory part
Superego - moral conscience

Question 2

What is Freud’s topography of the mind?

Answer 2

Conscious - immediate awareness
Preconscious - easily accessible memories
Subconscious - drives, instincts, repressed traumas, painful emotions

Question 3

What are Freud’s stages of development of the personality?

Answer 3

Oral - birth-18m
Anal - 18m-3y
Phallic - 3-6y
Latency - 6-12y
Genital - 13-20y

Question 4

What happens during the oral stage?

Answer 4

Mouth is erogenous zone

Gratification through oral activities

Question 5

What happens during the anal stage?

Answer 5

Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control

Responding to some demands of society (bladder and bowel control)

Question 6

What happens during the phallic stage?

Answer 6

Erogenous zone: genitals
Differences between males and females
Awareness of sexuality

Question 7

What happens during the latent stage?

Answer 7

Inactive erogenous zone

Quiet urges

Question 8

What happens during the genital stage?

Answer 8

Learning to deal maturely with opposite sex

Question 9

What are Sullivan’s stages of development in the interpersonal theory?

Answer 9

Infancy (birth–18 months)
Childhood (18 months–6)
Juvenile (6–9)
Preadolescence (9–12)
Early adolescence (12–14)
Late adolescence (14–21)

Question 10

What are the stages of development in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 10

Trust vs Mistrust (birth–18 months)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18 m–3)
Initiative vs Guilt (3–6)
Industry vs Inferiority (6–12)
Identity vs Role Confusion (12–20)
Intimacy vs Isolation (20–30)
Generativity vs Stagnation (30–65)
Ego Integrity vs Despair (65 years–death)

Question 11

What happens in trust vs. mistrust?

Answer 11

Infant is uncertain about the world

Looks to primary caregiver for stability

Question 12

What happens in autonomy vs. shame and doubt?

Answer 12

Development of a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence
Child becoming more mobile, discovering skills and abilities
Beginning to assert independence by walking away, picking what toy to play with, making choices about what to eat and wear

Question 13

What happens during initiative vs guilt?

Answer 13

Child asserts themselves more frequently
Child regularly interacts with other children at school
Begin to plan activities, make up games, initiate activities with others
Develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their abilities to lead others

Question 14

What happens during industry vs inferiority?

Answer 14

Industry (competence)
Learn to read and write, do sums, do things on their own
Teachers begin to play an important role
Peer group gaining greater significance and becomes source of self-esteem
May feel the need to win approval

Question 15

What happens during identity vs role confusion?

Answer 15

Adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals
Becoming more independent, looking towards the future
Learning of roles to occupy as an adult
Re-examination of identity and trying to figure out who they are

Question 16

What happens during intimacy vs isolation?

Answer 16

Major conflict centers on forming relationships

Sharing of ourselves more intimately with others

Question 17

What happens during generativity vs stagnation?

Answer 17

“Making your mark” on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual
Giving back to society through raising children, being productive at work, being involved in community activities and organizations

Question 18

What happens during ego integrity vs despair?

Answer 18

Contemplate accomplishments
Accepting of one’s one and only life cycle as something that had to be
Wisdom

Question 19

What are the phases of Mahler’s theory of object relations?

Answer 19

Phase I—Autism (Birth–1 Month)
Phase II—Symbiosis (1–5 Months)
Phase III—Separation-Individuation (5–36 Months)
- Differentiation ( 5–10 months)
- Practicing (10–16 months)
- Rapprochement (16–24 months)
- Consolidation or object constancy (24–36 months)

Question 20

What happens during Phase I - autism?

Answer 20

Everything is about me

Uninterested in external stimuli

Question 21

What happens during Phase II - symbiosis?

Answer 21

“other things exist, maybe that’s why I have to wait to be fed”

Mother as source of need-satisfaction

Question 22

What happens during Phase III - separation vs. individuation?

Answer 22

There are other things but me

Development of an understanding of boundaries of the self

Question 23

What happens during differentiation?

Answer 23

The infant is aware of being different from others and has the capacity to function apart from that person

Question 24

What happens during practicing?

Answer 24

The infant begins to intentionally separate from others (crawling)

Question 25

What happens during rapproachement?

Answer 25

Child learned she can be apart from others however she can call for help (i.e. toddler)

Question 26

What happens during consolidation or object constancy?

Answer 26

Child has internalized an image of the other (object) and can spend longer time alone without feeling abandoned

Question 27

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 27

Sensorimotor ( birth–2 years)
Preoperational (2–6 years)
Concrete operations 
(6–12 years)
Formal operations 
(12–15+ years)

Question 28

What happens in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 28

Schema created by child reinforcing objects are permanent

Understanding of the world developed through sensory and physical experimentation

Question 29

What happens in the pre-operational stage?

Answer 29

Beginnings of language through understanding of symbols
Egocentric
Difficulty understanding conversation or more than one aspect of a situation

Question 30

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 30

Ordering and classifying based on appearance
Ability to sequence numbers
Developing the ability to empathize
Simplistic understanding of maths, geometry, and physics

Question 31

What happens during the formal operations stage?

Answer 31

Ability to draw conclusions based on hypotheses rather than objects
Adolescent egocentrism
Logical

Question 32

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 32

Preconventional level  (4–10 years)
Conventional level (10–13 years and  into adulthood)
Postconventional level 
(from adolescence on)

Question 33

What happens in the pre-conventional level?

Answer 33

Development of obedience and self-interest

Question 34

What happens during the conventional level?

Answer 34

Associated with conformity and law and order

Question 35

What happens during the post-conventional level?

Answer 35

Social contract orientation and universal human ethics

Question 36

What are the 6 stages of moral development?

Answer 36

1: I do it so I don’t get in trouble
2: I do it so I get something out of it
3: I do it so you like me
4: I do it because it’s the law, and I respect the law
5: I do it because of a social contract we have with each other
6: I do it because it is the right thing to do

Question 37

What are Peplau’s 6 nursing roles?

Answer 37

Resource person
Counselor
Teacher
Leader
Technical expert
Surrogate

Question 38

What are Peplau’s 4 phases of the nurse-client relationship?

Answer 38

Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution

Question 39

What are Peplau’s 4 stages of personality development?

Answer 39

Stage 1—Learning to count on others
Stage 2—Learning to delay gratification
Stage 3—Identifying oneself - develop who we are
Stage 4—Developing skills in participation