Theoretical Models of Personality Development Flashcards
What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
Structure of personality:
Id - primitive and instinctual part of the mind
Ego - executive functions like personality, realistic mediatory part
Superego - moral conscience
What is Freud’s topography of the mind?
Conscious - immediate awareness
Preconscious - easily accessible memories
Subconscious - drives, instincts, repressed traumas, painful emotions
What are Freud’s stages of development of the personality?
Oral - birth-18m Anal - 18m-3y Phallic - 3-6y Latency - 6-12y Genital - 13-20y
What happens during the oral stage?
Mouth is erogenous zone
Gratification through oral activities
What happens during the anal stage?
Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder control
Responding to some demands of society (bladder and bowel control)
What happens during the phallic stage?
Erogenous zone: genitals
Differences between males and females
Awareness of sexuality
What happens during the latent stage?
Inactive erogenous zone
Quiet urges
What happens during the genital stage?
Learning to deal maturely with opposite sex
What are Sullivan’s stages of development in the interpersonal theory?
Infancy (birth–18 months) Childhood (18 months–6) Juvenile (6–9) Preadolescence (9–12) Early adolescence (12–14) Late adolescence (14–21)
What are the stages of development in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
Trust vs Mistrust (birth–18 months) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18 m–3) Initiative vs Guilt (3–6) Industry vs Inferiority (6–12) Identity vs Role Confusion (12–20) Intimacy vs Isolation (20–30) Generativity vs Stagnation (30–65) Ego Integrity vs Despair (65 years–death)
What happens in trust vs. mistrust?
Infant is uncertain about the world
Looks to primary caregiver for stability
What happens in autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
Development of a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence
Child becoming more mobile, discovering skills and abilities
Beginning to assert independence by walking away, picking what toy to play with, making choices about what to eat and wear
What happens during initiative vs guilt?
Child asserts themselves more frequently
Child regularly interacts with other children at school
Begin to plan activities, make up games, initiate activities with others
Develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their abilities to lead others
What happens during industry vs inferiority?
Industry (competence)
Learn to read and write, do sums, do things on their own
Teachers begin to play an important role
Peer group gaining greater significance and becomes source of self-esteem
May feel the need to win approval
What happens during identity vs role confusion?
Adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals
Becoming more independent, looking towards the future
Learning of roles to occupy as an adult
Re-examination of identity and trying to figure out who they are
What happens during intimacy vs isolation?
Major conflict centers on forming relationships
Sharing of ourselves more intimately with others
What happens during generativity vs stagnation?
“Making your mark” on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual
Giving back to society through raising children, being productive at work, being involved in community activities and organizations
What happens during ego integrity vs despair?
Contemplate accomplishments
Accepting of one’s one and only life cycle as something that had to be
Wisdom
What are the phases of Mahler’s theory of object relations?
Phase I—Autism (Birth–1 Month)
Phase II—Symbiosis (1–5 Months)
Phase III—Separation-Individuation (5–36 Months)
- Differentiation ( 5–10 months)
- Practicing (10–16 months)
- Rapprochement (16–24 months)
- Consolidation or object constancy (24–36 months)
What happens during Phase I - autism?
Everything is about me
Uninterested in external stimuli
What happens during Phase II - symbiosis?
“other things exist, maybe that’s why I have to wait to be fed”
Mother as source of need-satisfaction
What happens during Phase III - separation vs. individuation?
There are other things but me
Development of an understanding of boundaries of the self
What happens during differentiation?
The infant is aware of being different from others and has the capacity to function apart from that person
What happens during practicing?
The infant begins to intentionally separate from others (crawling)
What happens during rapproachement?
Child learned she can be apart from others however she can call for help (i.e. toddler)
What happens during consolidation or object constancy?
Child has internalized an image of the other (object) and can spend longer time alone without feeling abandoned
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor ( birth–2 years) Preoperational (2–6 years) Concrete operations (6–12 years) Formal operations (12–15+ years)
What happens in the sensorimotor stage?
Schema created by child reinforcing objects are permanent
Understanding of the world developed through sensory and physical experimentation
What happens in the pre-operational stage?
Beginnings of language through understanding of symbols
Egocentric
Difficulty understanding conversation or more than one aspect of a situation
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
Ordering and classifying based on appearance
Ability to sequence numbers
Developing the ability to empathize
Simplistic understanding of maths, geometry, and physics
What happens during the formal operations stage?
Ability to draw conclusions based on hypotheses rather than objects
Adolescent egocentrism
Logical
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Preconventional level (4–10 years) Conventional level (10–13 years and into adulthood) Postconventional level (from adolescence on)
What happens in the pre-conventional level?
Development of obedience and self-interest
What happens during the conventional level?
Associated with conformity and law and order
What happens during the post-conventional level?
Social contract orientation and universal human ethics
What are the 6 stages of moral development?
1: I do it so I don’t get in trouble
2: I do it so I get something out of it
3: I do it so you like me
4: I do it because it’s the law, and I respect the law
5: I do it because of a social contract we have with each other
6: I do it because it is the right thing to do
What are Peplau’s 6 nursing roles?
Resource person Counselor Teacher Leader Technical expert Surrogate
What are Peplau’s 4 phases of the nurse-client relationship?
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution
What are Peplau’s 4 stages of personality development?
Stage 1—Learning to count on others
Stage 2—Learning to delay gratification
Stage 3—Identifying oneself - develop who we are
Stage 4—Developing skills in participation
