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cambridge igcse geography > theme three > Flashcards

theme three Flashcards

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1
Q

non-renewable resources definition

A

resources that are finite

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2
Q

renewable resources definition

A

resources that are infinite (will not run out) so can be used over again

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3
Q

is oil renewable or non-renewable

A

non-renewable

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4
Q

is natural gas renewable or non-renewable

A

non-renewable

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5
Q

is coal renewable or non-renewable

A

non-renewable

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6
Q

is nuclear renewable or non-renewable

A

non-renewable

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7
Q

is solar renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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8
Q

is HEP renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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9
Q

are biofuels renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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10
Q

are tidal waves renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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11
Q

is geothermal renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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12
Q

is wind renewable or non-renewable

A

renewable

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13
Q

how is oil obtained

A

traditional drilling and pumping methods

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14
Q

how is natural gas obtained

A

it is a product of decomposed organic matter burned over time. it flows easily up wells to the surface.

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15
Q

how is coal obtained

A

surface or underground mining

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16
Q

how is nuclear obtained

A

created from the release of energy from nuclear reactions, usually from uranium or plutonium. byproducts are radioactive.

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17
Q

advantages of using nuclear

A

small amount of fuel needed
low carbon emissions
cheap running costs

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18
Q

disadvantages of using nuclear

A

nuclear waste highly radioactive
storing nuclear waste is expensive
decommissioning power stations are expensive

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19
Q

how is HEP obtained

A

trap flowing water then release it under greater pressure

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20
Q

how are biofuels obtained

A

manufactured from from living things or from waste

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21
Q

how is tidal/wave energy produced

A

The movement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore compresses trapped air, driving a turbine.

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22
Q

how is geothermal energy obtained

A

Cold water is pumped under ground (in a hot volcanic region) and comes out as steam. Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.

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23
Q

how is wind obtained

A

wind turbines capture the wind, which makes the rotors spin and the movement of the blades drives a generator that creates energy.

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24
Q

economic advantage of nuclear power

A

increase in curent electricity generation capacity

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25
Q

economic disadvantage of nuclaer power

A

high costs to start up and begin

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26
Q

social advantage of nuclear power

A

employment opportunitites

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27
Q

social disadvantage of nuclear power

A

public fear of widespread radioactive contamination

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28
Q

political advantage of nuclear power

A

could be part owned with another country to futhur international relations

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29
Q

political disadvantage of nuclear power

A

potential terrorist target

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30
Q

envrionmental advantage of nuclear power

A

abundant and low carbon emissions

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31
Q

environmental disadvantage of nuclear power

A

possible widespread radioactive contamination

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32
Q

how much oil does china use compared to the rest of the world

A

in 2017 it surpassed the US as the largest oil importer in the world

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33
Q

what is oil used for

A

energy and plastics and transport fuels

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34
Q

how many motor vehicles does china ha v

A

360 million in june 2020

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35
Q

how much coal based electricity has china added in the past 18 months

A

enough to power 31 million homes

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36
Q

can china’s coal plants run all the time

A

no only 50% of the time

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37
Q

how much electricity from coal does china produce compared with the whole of the EU

A

china uses 148 GW and the EU uses 150GW

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38
Q

how much will china’s coal consumption have to be reduced by by 2030

A

by over 40%

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39
Q

how tall is the yangtze river 3 gorges dam

A

over 60 stories

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40
Q

how long is the 3 gorges dam

A

over 2km

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41
Q

how long did it take how many workers to build the 3 gorges dam

A

40,000 workers over 17 years to build

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42
Q

how much power does the 3 gorges dam produce

A

over 20,000 mW (2x all of britains nuclear power put together)

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43
Q

how many underground powerhouses does the 3 gorges dam contain

A

3

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44
Q

how many people were moved so that they weren’t flooded for the construction of the 3 gorges dam

A

over 1 million

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45
Q

energy surplus definition

A

if a country’s energy supply exceeds its demand

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46
Q

energy deficit definition

A

if the energy demand exceeds supply

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47
Q

has the uk’s reliance on fossil fuels decreased or increased since 1970

A

decreased, from a combined 91% to 50%

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48
Q

how much of the world’s energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels

A

86%

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49
Q

how much of the world’s energy comes from renewable sources

A

14%

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50
Q

what are the proportions of different fossil fuels

A

approximately 1/3 oil, 1/3 gas, 1/3 coal

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51
Q

what proportion of the world’s energy use was from renewable sources in 2015

A

14%

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52
Q

what are the proportions of different renewable energy sources in 2015

A

7% HEP
4% nuclear
3% other sources

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53
Q

what percentage of renewable electricity is wind power in 2020

A

50%

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54
Q

which fossil fuel is being used more than it used to be

A

natural gas

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55
Q

which fossil fuel is being used less than it used to be

A

coal

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56
Q

what is a greenhouse gas

A

gases that when released into the atmosphere, absorb infrared radiation thereby holding heat in the atmosphere.

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57
Q

what is acid rain

A

sulphur dioxide combines with water and oxygen to make sulphuric acid

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58
Q

uses of coal

A

electricity and steel

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59
Q

advantages of oil and gas over coal

A

fewer carbon dioxide emissions
no acid rain
transport via pipes
oil can be used for plastics

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60
Q

disadvantages of using oil and gas

A

possible oil spills
only 50 years of oil left (peak oil)
oil pipelines are potential terrorist targets
political problems of being dependent on russia/middle east for electricity

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61
Q

what does peak oil mean

A

we’re using oil sooner than we can find it

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62
Q

which country uses the most nuclear energy

A

france

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63
Q

how many tonnes of nuclear fuel does a nuclear power station use per year

A

50 tons

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64
Q

How long does 50 tons of coal last in a coal power station

A

6 minutes

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65
Q

advantages of nuclear fuel

A 
less carbon dioxide emissions
low running costs
uses a small amount of fuel
last longer
no acid rain
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66
Q

disadvantages of nuclear fuel

A 
high start-up costs
fear of radioactive contamination
hard to dispose of nuclear waste
nuclear accidents e.g. Chernobyl or Fukushima
decommissioning costs
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67
Q

types of renewable energy

A 
wind
solar
HEP
tidal
geothermal
biofuels
fuelwood
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68
Q

what is the cheapest form of electricity

A

wind power

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69
Q

what percentage of the world’s power comes from HEP

A

7%

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70
Q

advantages of hydroelectric power

A

water in the dam released when electricity needed

less carbon dioxide emissions

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71
Q

disadvantages of hydroelectric power

A

disruption to the environment and nearby settlements

expensive to build

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72
Q

where do they use geothermal energy

A

the Philippines and Iceland

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73
Q

example of biofuel

A

in brazil they grow sugarcane, turn it into alcohol, then combine it with petrol for cars or grow vegetables, to make vegetable oil.

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74
Q

what is fuelwood

A

wood being burnt for fuel

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75
Q

advantages of fuelwood

A

renewable
easy to get the fuel
cheap

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76
Q

disadvantages of fuelwood

A

carbon dioxide emissions
deforestation
air pollution from woodsmoke

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77
Q

how much coal is in china’s energy mix

A

65%

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78
Q

how much nuclear is in china’s energy mix

A

5%

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79
Q

how much wind is in china’s energy mix

A

5%

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80
Q

how much of the global energy is consumed by china

A

22%

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81
Q

how much of the world’s oil does china use

A

2/3

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82
Q

arable farming

A

growing of crops like wheat

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83
Q

pastoral farming

A

raising of animals

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84
Q

horticulture

A

growing flowers/shrubs/trees

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85
Q

market garden

A

growing fruit and vegetables commercially on a small scale

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86
Q

subsistence farming

A

growing enough for the family or community

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87
Q

ranching

A

rearing of cattle

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88
Q

intensive farming

A

high inputs of capital and labour compared with small amount of land used. high yield.

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89
Q

extensive farming

A

low inputs of capital and labour compared with large amount of land used. low yield.

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90
Q

dairying

A

raising animals for dairy/milk

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91
Q

plantation

A

estate growing coffee/tobacco/sugar/fruit cultivated by resident labour

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92
Q

nomadic herding

A

moving seasonally to find new/good pasture to raise animals

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93
Q

shifting cultivation

A

farming system where land is cleared, farmed, and then deserted again until it regains its fertility.

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94
Q

nomadic farming

A

moving seasonally to find new/good land to grow crops

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95
Q

inputs:

A

factors that go into a farm

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96
Q

processes:

A

activities that take place on a farm to convert inputs to outputs

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97
Q

ouputs:

A

the products made on the farm

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98
Q

undernourished definition

A

not enough calories to meet basic needs

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99
Q

starvation definition

A

extreme form of malnutrition

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100
Q

famine definition

A

widespread scarcity of food, leading to undernourishment and starvation throughout the community.

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101
Q

physical causes of lack of food (5pts)

A 
drought
floods
pests and disease
climate
overpopulation
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102
Q

economic causes of lack of food

A

low capital investment

poor distribution or transport difficulties

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103
Q

political causes of lack of food

A

war/conflict

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104
Q

what do factory farms and market gardens require

A

large inputs of energy.

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105
Q

what does shifting cultivation require

A

good - quality soils and flat land

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106
Q

what do commercial farms require

A

large areas of land for machines to plough and irrigate. warmer temperatures desirable.

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107
Q

what are colder climates with poor quality soils often used for

A

nomadic herding

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108
Q

impacts of food shortages

A 
food insecurity
famine
soil erosion
rising prices/inflation
social unrest
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109
Q

Examples of physical inputs for an arable farm

A

Seeds
Capital and machinery
Fertilisers and pesticides

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110
Q

Example of a human input for an arable farm

A

Labour

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111
Q

Examples of processes for an arable farm

A

Ploughing
Weeding
Harvesting

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112
Q

Examples of outputs for an arable farm

A

Wheat

Rice

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113
Q

Physical inputs of a pastoral farm

A

Animals

Gentle relief

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114
Q

Processes of a pastoral farm

A

Shearing

Dairying

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115
Q

Outputs of a pastoral farm

A

Wool and hides
Manure
Milk

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116
Q

Where is Darfur

A

South Sudan

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117
Q

Darfur: human cause

A

Conflict since Sudan became independent in 2011, this led to displacement of 1.5 million people, and therefore a low crop yield

118
Q

Darfur: physical (climate) cause

A

Only 300mm rainfall a year, plus the tropics of cancer means it is hot and dry.

119
Q

Darfur: physical (Nile) cause

A

The River Nile is 1000km away which means farmers can not regularly and reliably access it for irrigation on their farms.

120
Q

Darfur: economic collapse

A

Less food production and infrastructure destroyed, so there is less buying, selling and trading taking place, so unemployment rates rise and Darfur cannot progress towards becoming a MEDC

121
Q

Darfur: Malnutrition impact

A

1/4 of children in Darfur have life threatening malnutrition which has long lasting health effects and unable to go to school, which will decrease the proportion of educated people in the economically active category in the future.

122
Q

Darfur: Refugees impact

A

Refugees flee to neighbouring countries, unable to contribute to economy and Darfur’s emergency food aid has expanded so much, they live off 50% of their rations

123
Q

Darfur: responses

A

US donated $2.7 billion
Oxfam provided food, water, sanitation
2015 peace deal signed but uneffective.

124
Q

3 harmful effects of farming on the environment

A

deforestation
speeding up climate change through the release of carbon in trees and plants
chemical fertilisers contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas nitrous oxide

125
Q

3 ways in which the author suggests we might solve the issue of food shortages

A

organic farming
argroecology
permaculture

126
Q

food aid description

A

when poorer countries are in need of aid richer countries help by donating food

127
Q

food aid advantages

A

short term relief and decreasing starvation and malnutrition rates

128
Q

food aid disadvantages

A

governments may become dependent on food handouts,

does little to solve long term problems and is usually richer countries trying to improve their food security.

129
Q

GM crops description

A

to alter crops scientifically to enable them to withstand pests and diseases, droughts and salty conditions.

130
Q

green revolution description

A

the process of using science to improve the cultivation of crops such as scientifically developing new types of rice that give it a higher yield.

131
Q

subsidies

A

grants given by the government to support farmers

132
Q

system

A

a set of inter-related parts and processes

133
Q

what is land tenure

A

ownership status of the land (who owns it and how, e.g. tenant farmer, owners or nomadic)

134
Q

what is a tenant farmer

A

renting the farmland

135
Q

what is a common agricultural policy

A

subsidy from the EU for farmers

136
Q

what is a cereal crop

A

grains e.g. oats, wheat, maize

137
Q

how many people in the world do not have enough to eat

A

800 million (out of 7.5 billion)

138
Q

what is a choropleth map

A

a colour coded map to show statistical data e.g. population or per capita income

139
Q

types of malnutrition

A

kwashiorkor, beriberi, rickets, scurvy

140
Q

what is a storm surge

A

where sea levels rise suddenly during a storm and

141
Q

food aid organisations

A

United Nations and Oxfam

142
Q

what is long term food aid

A

planning to prevent future food shortages

143
Q

what is short term food aid

A

feeding hungry people during a food shortage/crisis

144
Q

appropriate technology description

A

using technology to enhance and speed up the farming system

145
Q

examples of appropriate technology in a LIC

A

small earth dams
wells
tree shelter belts to prevent wind erosion
improved food storage

146
Q

when did the green revolution start

A

1930’s

147
Q

what is irrigation

A

giving water to crops

148
Q

what are the types of irrigation

A

surface irrigation
drip irrigation
sub-surface drip irrigation

149
Q

surface irrigation

A

when water moves over land by gravity and sinks through.

150
Q

drip irrigation

A

regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via pipes.

151
Q

sub-surface drip irrigation

A

regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via underground pipes

152
Q

salination

A

the impacts of having to use salty water for irrigation (damaged soil)

153
Q

primary sector definition

A

the extraction or growth of raw materials

154
Q

primary sector examples

A

farming, forestry, fishing, mining

155
Q

secondary sector definition

A

the manufacturing or processing of raw materials

156
Q

secondary sector examples

A

car manufacturing, food processing, energy production

157
Q

tertiary sector definition

A

providing a service for the public

158
Q

tertiary sector examples

A

shop worker, teacher, doctor, nurse, entertainment

159
Q

quaternary sector definition

A

research and development (providing specialist expertise)

160
Q

quaternary sector examples

A

scientist, computer programmer, business consultant

161
Q

what is an NIC

A

newly industrialised country

162
Q

what is a manufacturing industry

A

any industry where raw materials are used and processed into something else

163
Q

inputs

A

labour

raw materials

164
Q

processes

A

assembly

packaging

165
Q

outputs

A

products

profit

166
Q

feedback

A

customer feedback

profit

167
Q

light industry

A

when raw materials and final products are small in size.
less capital intensive
more labour intensive.

168
Q

heavy industry

A

when raw materials and final products are large in size.
more capital intensive
less labour intensive.

169
Q

heavy industry example

A

car manufacturing and steel making

170
Q

light industry example

A

food and clothing manufacturing

171
Q

hi-tech industry

A

creating technically advanced products

172
Q

hi-tech industry examples

A

computer software and robotics

173
Q

cottage industry

A

small scale business that doesn’t depend on location

174
Q

factors of location for a heavy industry (5)

A

accessible for transport of certain materials
countryside/urban fringe for land to expand/diversify and build on
not near homes
close to reliable electrical supply for working machines
government incentive

175
Q

factors of location for a light industry (4)

A

labour supply
accessibility for transport to warehouses and workers to get there
lots of space
good communication, internet coverage

176
Q

factors of location for a hi-tech industry

A

close to university for research and students (for internets etc.) and lectures.
close to other hi-tech companies, so they know the competition and share ideas.
attracting high calibre employees, so have a pleasant environment as an incentive.

177
Q

globalisation definition

A

an increase in independence and interconnectedness that leads to the company (being able to) increase trade, technology and transport.

178
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

a decrease in the amount of manufacturing taking place, like in Britain.

179
Q

why would a japanese TNC like toyota choose to locate in the UK

A

transport links and connections (for employees to commute and for materials to be transported)
room for expansion
pleasant environment
close to market

180
Q

development (def)

A

process of change which alllows all the basic needs of a country or region to be met, thereby achieveing greater social justice and quality of life

181
Q

measures of development

A 
economically using GNP, GDP or GNI per caita.
social indicators (health, literacy/education/wellbeing) 
political factors (personal freedom, freedom of speech, right to vote, freedom from discrimination and the role of disadvantaged groups in the society
182
Q

development gap def

A

the differences between the most and least advanced countries - the HIC’s and LIC’s

183
Q

north-south divide def

A

a socio-economic and political divide between the north and the south

184
Q

what is multivariate analysis

A

measurement of a range of development variables (not just economic). used for qualitative variables that are harder to compare.

185
Q

HDI

A

longetivity - life expectancy
knowledge - adult literacy rate and enrolment ratios of students in primary school throught to university level
income -

186
Q

purchasing power parity (PPP)

A

gdp per person adjusted for local cost of living

187
Q

trade blocs def

A

groups of countries form economic agreements and unions

188
Q

how is HDI presented

A

a number

189
Q

limitations of HDI

A

partially politically motivated to focus on health and development
only 3 factors
it can hide huge regional disparities
its relative not absolute

190
Q

multidimensional poverty index

A

uses different fators to determine the levels of poverty and allows comparisons across countries, regions and the world, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location.

191
Q

factors that contribute to development gap (6)

A 
location and physical environment
size of country in area
climate
economic policies
political stability
population policies
192
Q

formal secctor def

A

encompassing all jobs with normal hours and regualar wages, on which income tax must be paid.

193
Q

informal sector def

A

encompassing all jobs which are not recognised as normal income sources and on which taxes are not paid.

194
Q

employment structure def

A

the percentage of workers in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors in a country

195
Q

transnatioonal corporation def

A

global corportations, companies or businesses with their headquarters and research development activities in one country and their factories and/or production centres in other countries.

196
Q

economic globalisation

A

largely caused by the growth of transnational coorportations

197
Q

cultural globalisation

A

impact of western culture/art/media/sport/leisure activities

198
Q

political globalisation

A

growth of western democracies and their influence on other countries

199
Q

global shift def

A

where production processes are relocated from HIC’s to MIC’s and LIC’s

200
Q

multiplier effect

A

occurs when an initial injection of money into the local, regional or national economy causes a bigger final increase in local, regional, or national wealth.

201
Q

for a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems faced living in squatter settlements

A 
Dharavi
low hygiene and sanitation:
500 share a toilet
widespread disease:
of diptheria and typhoid, there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation.
lack of resources:
water rationed except 5:30 - 7:30 am
202
Q

positive impact of a TNC locating nearby

A

employment
tourism
boost to local economy

203
Q

negative impact of a TNC locating nearby

A

visually unappealing
traffic
destruction of land
cultural erosion

204
Q

negatives of TNC’s (generally)

A 
fumes (pollution of water and air)
cheap labour - exploitation of workers
danger to lives
unsafe working conditions
deforestation
greenhouse emissions
lack of useable water
cultural erosion
205
Q

hi tech industries do not need to be located in paticular areas because they don’t rely on raw materials. therefore they are _______

A

footloose

206
Q

toyota provide manufacturing jobs in how many countries?

A

67

207
Q

where are the regional headquarters of toyota

A

UK, USA, Japan, Thailand

208
Q

why are the headquarters of toyota in these locations

A

they locate near other TNC’s for sharing of ideas and information and to know the competition

209
Q

where is toyotas research and development sites

A

USA, China, Japan

210
Q

why are toyotas research and development sites where they are

A

theyre near high calibre universities which means they have access to higher-skilled workers and can manage the business better or higher up the hierarchy.

211
Q

where does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota

A

the uk

212
Q

why does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota in the uk

A

good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes

213
Q

why is locating manufactuing and assembly in the uk a benefit to toyota

A

toyota can simultaneously improve efficency and reduce costs

214
Q

what is the HDI

A

human development index

215
Q

what goes into the HDI

A

life expectancy, education, and gross national income per capita

216
Q

most LEDC’s have a large proportion of their industry in the…

A

primary sector

217
Q

most MEDC’s have a large proportion of their industry in which sectors

A

tertiary and quaternary sectors

218
Q

physical factors of location

A 
site
natural transport routes
raw material availability
water supply
attractive environment
219
Q

human/economic factors of location

A 
labour
capital/money
markets
transport
government policies
leisure/amenities
220
Q

Hi-tech industries usually locate

A

in a pleasant working environment
near government incentives
close to high-skilled labour (universities)

221
Q

describe the employment in each sector in an LEDC

A

high primary
low secondary
increasing tertiary

222
Q

describe the employment in each sector in an NIC

A

decreasing primary
increased (and now even) secondary
increasing tertiary

223
Q

describe the employment in each sector in an MEDC

A

decreased primary
even secondary
increased tertiary

224
Q

how does government policy affect industrial location

A

financial incentives
minimum wage
cost of land

225
Q

how does land affect industrial location

A

cheap
flat
greenfield

226
Q

for an example you have studied, describe and explain the location of an industry.

A

regional hq in: uk, usa, japan, thailand
——-> able to locate near other TNC’s for collaboration and competition.
r&d sites in: usa, china, japan
———> higher calibre universities for high-calibre employees
most manufacturing sites in: uk
———> good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes

227
Q

describe the adv and disadv of a TNC locating there

A

tourism - westfield, trainstation, new leisure opportunities
employment - since opening, employed over 2500 people
traffic - heavier than before 1992, hold ups on the A38 at rush hour

228
Q

describe the positives of a named TNC at a local and national scale

A

employment - employed over 2500 people
sponsorship - toyota sponsored derby country and gave them funds.
tourism - westfield shopping centre, leisure opportunities

229
Q

explain why employment structure changes as a country develops

A 
growth of tourism
rise in tertiary as education rises
industrialization
demand for services e.g medical
growth of secondary sector as technology improves
230
Q

inputs, processes, outputs of a manufacturing/processing industry

A 
toyota
inputs: 580 acres of land
2506 employees
processes: welding, assembly
outputs: 14,000 corollas
231
Q

supply of energy to a country

A

china
HEP: over 20,000 mW of energy
coal: powers 31 million homes
oil: 360 million vehiclesF

232
Q

for a named area you have sutdied, describe its attractions and explain how they have encouraged the growth of the tourist industry

A

GBR
biodiversity - 25% of all marine creatures
location - east of cairns, whitsundays, reef accessible to tourists. many youth hostels and bars
warm water: 18-32 degrees. lesiure activities like snorkelling and scuba diving

233
Q

for a named country or area you have studied, describe the impacts of tourism on the natural environment

A

GBR
climate change - 1/2 of coral bleached in 2002
oil from ships blocks light availability and pollutes water
water pollution - 11,000 shipping movements / year
overfishing, destroys food chains and species endangerment
overfishing - only 1500 fish in GBR

234
Q

for a named area you have studied, descibe the benefits and problems of tourism for local people

A

GBR
$5.5 billion made from tourism
64,000 jobs in the industry
overfishing (11,000 shipping movements / year) decreases local food availability

235
Q

for an area you have studied where tourism is important, explain how its negative impacts are managed

A

GBR
different management zones: tourists and scientists can enjoy the reef while other areas heal
fishing permits: fines of up to $1 million can be fined upon companies endangering the ecosystem
75% reduction in disel a day (550l to 100l)

236
Q

for a named country or region you have studied, describe the effect of food shortages on the people who live there

A

darfur
collapse of economy - less ability to trade with less food - less money flow - people poorer - unemployment - darfur stays LEDC

health: 1/4 children under 5 have long lasting effects on bones and mobility (not enough workers in future)
refugees: unable to contribute to economy so move to neigbouring country. too few to support old dependendents so rations have decreased from 72% to 50%

237
Q

for a named country or region you have studied, explain the causes of food shortages

A

darfur
conflict - 1.5 million displaced - low crop yield
climate - tropic of cancer - hot and dry - less than 300mm / year
river nile - 1000 km away - little/irregular access to water - low crop yield

238
Q

for an example of a farm or agricultural system at a named location describe the farming system

A

Yeo valley
400 british friesans - milking - 500mil litres / year
1000 jobs - organic gardens - holt farm tourist attrction, £300 million turnover / year
loamy soil - drainage of water and fertile soil - elephant grass (for cows, meat, eggs, vegetables)

239
Q

for a type of farming in a named area you have studied, describe and explain the inputs which are neded

A

yeo valley
400 british friesan cows
1000 jobs
loamy soil

240
Q

importance of non-renewable energy sources

A

easily available (abundant for n ow)
used widely
less expensive
high energy density

241
Q

renewable energy sources advantages

A

low running costs (usually)

no waste/pollution produced

242
Q

renewable energy sources disadvantages

A 
solar only happens in sunlight
wind only happens during wind
location specific
expensive (sometimes)
reuseable
uses less land
sorces not always constant
243
Q

how much of the earth’s water is saltwater and how much is freshwater

A

97% is saltwater

3% is freshwater

244
Q

how much of earth’s freshwater is in the form of glaciers and ice caps

A

just over 2/3

245
Q

so how much of earth’s water is above ground

A

0.3%

246
Q

how much water is required for a day in a person’s diet and lifestyle

A

2000-5000 litres

247
Q

is there theoretically enough water for the world

A

yes but it is unevenly distributed and a large amount is not accessible

248
Q

what is the great artesain basin in australia

A

the largest artesian basin in the world, and can hold 64 900 km of groundwater

249
Q

what does an artesainbasin require

A

bed of porous rock absorbing precipitation
a bed of non-porous rock below and above it, preventing water percolating out, which eventually will fill open pore spaces in the rock and will become fully saturated with water, forming an aquifer

250
Q

renewable freshwater def

A

suface water and groundwater resources

251
Q

water table def

A

the level underground at which the rocks or soil are completely saturated with water. it forms the upper limit of groundwater, and it can go up and down based on a number of factors, including level of precipitation and rates of evapotranspiration

252
Q

artesian basin def

A

this is found where the groundwater is confined or trapped in an area underground

253
Q

what factors determine the source and amount of water flowing through an underground aquifier/groundwater system

A

precipitation
the location of other surface water bodies
the evapotranspiration rate

254
Q

what is rainwater harvesting

A

collecting water from precipitation

used as a supplement alongside other sources

255
Q

what is reclaimed water

A

water recycled from human use
used as an important solution to reduce stress on primary water resources (like groundwater and surface water)
often used to sperate greywater from blackwater

256
Q

recharged aquifier def

A

can take place either naturally, as rainwater percolates from the surface into rocks and soil underground, or artificially by humans by flooding an area and allowing the water to infiltrate into the ground and percolate down to the underground aquifier, or by injecting water underground via boreholes or wells

257
Q

spring def

A

a starting point for a stream or river

258
Q

greywater def

A

warer from domestic activities such as washing

259
Q

blackwater def

A

water that contains human waste

260
Q

where do LIC’s and MIC’s have most of the water supply used in

A

agriculture and fairly little in industry or domestic use

261
Q

how much water does agriculture use

A

70%

262
Q

give some techniques for maintiang a sustainable water supply in agriculture

A

using organic farming practices which limit the chemical substances that could contaminate water
the efficent delivery of water to crops
using micro irrigation systems

263
Q

reasons for shortages vs surplus’ of water

A 
precipitation
evaporation
temperatures 
type of land use
level of economic development
population density
presence of water bearing rocks or aquifers
how close people live to rivers
political decisions
264
Q

for a named country you have studied, describe the methods used to supply water.

A 
china
south-north water transfer project: 
costing china $62 billion
45 billion m cubed water transferred
hundreds of thousands displaced
3 gorges dam:
took from 1992-2012 
HEP does not produce particulate matter
Yangtze river dolphin extinct
alternatives:
wastewater recycling, sewage treatment of urban wastewater more than tripled between 1990 and 2005
drip fed irrigation over sprinkler systems would reduce the 60% wasted water used in agriculture
265
Q

challenges now facing the nile basin

A

climate change (droughts and temperatures increase demand)
high population growth rates (high demand)
demands of faster economic growth
huge soil loss due to land degradation
wetlands increasingly threatened by land conversion
significant loss of biodiversity
risk of seawater intrusion and soil salinisation

266
Q

country with the largest volume of freshwater available per person

A

iceland (1.4 million litres per person per day)

267
Q

country with the smallest volume of freshwater available per person

A

kuwait (16 litres per person per day)

268
Q

how to manage water supply

A

make sure broken watre pipes are mended
use reservoirs and damss in one area to transger water into large urban areas
reduce use of fertiliser on farms to increase water quality

269
Q

managing water demand

A 
drip fed irrigaton
recycle waste water
reduce domestic usage
improve irrigation techniques
growing drought-resistant crops
270
Q

how to reduce water used domestically

A

shower not bath
turn the tap off whilst brushing your teeth
installing more efficient appliances
collecting rainwater

271
Q

LIC ways of meeting water demand

A

wells
gravity fed schemes
boreholes

272
Q

causes of soil erosion (5)

A 
deforestation
overcultivation
rising populations
overgrazing
trampling of the ground by animals leading to soil compaction
273
Q

processes that cause soil erosion

A 
water erosion
wind erosion
over abstraction of groundwater
salination
climate change
274
Q

groundwater abstraction def

A

the process of taking water from a ground source, either temporarily or permenantly

275
Q

desertification def

A

the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry, sub-humid areas

276
Q

managing soil erosion

A 
shelter belts
contour ploughing
terracing
bunding
tier or layer cropping
strip or inter cropping
277
Q

mangaging desertification

A

drip irrigation techniques

micro-dosing

278
Q

urban degradation def

A

damage to urban physical environment, often has a detrimental effect on the health and well being of people living in these areas

279
Q

noise contours def

A

lines joining places of constant noise level measured in Leq

280
Q

most common greenhouse gases

A 
carbon dioxide
methane
water vapour
chloroflurocarbons
nitrous oxide
281
Q

what do greenhouse gases do

A

allow solar radiation to pass through them but are then very effective at trapping the outgoing long term terrestial radiation being emitted from the earth

282
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect def

A

the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to the increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that humans have released into the earths atmosphere since the industrial revolution

283
Q

global warming def

A

a gradual increase in the average temperture of the earths atmosphere and its oceans

284
Q

coral bleaching def

A

the corals are killed and only their bleached skeletons remain

285
Q

cause in rise of carbon dioxide

A

deforestation
industrialisation
emissions
melting of permafrost

286
Q

causes in rise of methane

A

cattle farming

rice fields and natural wetlands

287
Q

causes in rise of nitrous oxide

A

naturally emitted by the bacteria in soils and in the oceans

agriculture

288
Q

impacts of global warming

A

rising sea levels
changing climatic patterns
more extreme weather events

289
Q

list three activities which make global warming worse (3)

A

transport/cars
deforestation
cattle grazing
aviation

290
Q

explain why many people are concerned about global warming

A 
loss of habitats
loss of biodiversity
flooding of coastal areas
some areas become drier
ice caps melt
sea levels rise
some species extinct

cambridge igcse geography (5 decks)

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