theme three Flashcards
non-renewable resources definition
resources that are finite
renewable resources definition
resources that are infinite (will not run out) so can be used over again
is oil renewable or non-renewable
non-renewable
is natural gas renewable or non-renewable
non-renewable
is coal renewable or non-renewable
non-renewable
is nuclear renewable or non-renewable
non-renewable
is solar renewable or non-renewable
renewable
is HEP renewable or non-renewable
renewable
are biofuels renewable or non-renewable
renewable
are tidal waves renewable or non-renewable
renewable
is geothermal renewable or non-renewable
renewable
is wind renewable or non-renewable
renewable
how is oil obtained
traditional drilling and pumping methods
how is natural gas obtained
it is a product of decomposed organic matter burned over time. it flows easily up wells to the surface.
how is coal obtained
surface or underground mining
how is nuclear obtained
created from the release of energy from nuclear reactions, usually from uranium or plutonium. byproducts are radioactive.
advantages of using nuclear
small amount of fuel needed
low carbon emissions
cheap running costs
disadvantages of using nuclear
nuclear waste highly radioactive
storing nuclear waste is expensive
decommissioning power stations are expensive
how is HEP obtained
trap flowing water then release it under greater pressure
how are biofuels obtained
manufactured from from living things or from waste
how is tidal/wave energy produced
The movement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore compresses trapped air, driving a turbine.
how is geothermal energy obtained
Cold water is pumped under ground (in a hot volcanic region) and comes out as steam. Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.
how is wind obtained
wind turbines capture the wind, which makes the rotors spin and the movement of the blades drives a generator that creates energy.
economic advantage of nuclear power
increase in curent electricity generation capacity
economic disadvantage of nuclaer power
high costs to start up and begin
social advantage of nuclear power
employment opportunitites
social disadvantage of nuclear power
public fear of widespread radioactive contamination
political advantage of nuclear power
could be part owned with another country to futhur international relations
political disadvantage of nuclear power
potential terrorist target
envrionmental advantage of nuclear power
abundant and low carbon emissions
environmental disadvantage of nuclear power
possible widespread radioactive contamination
how much oil does china use compared to the rest of the world
in 2017 it surpassed the US as the largest oil importer in the world
what is oil used for
energy and plastics and transport fuels
how many motor vehicles does china ha v
360 million in june 2020
how much coal based electricity has china added in the past 18 months
enough to power 31 million homes
can china’s coal plants run all the time
no only 50% of the time
how much electricity from coal does china produce compared with the whole of the EU
china uses 148 GW and the EU uses 150GW
how much will china’s coal consumption have to be reduced by by 2030
by over 40%
how tall is the yangtze river 3 gorges dam
over 60 stories
how long is the 3 gorges dam
over 2km
how long did it take how many workers to build the 3 gorges dam
40,000 workers over 17 years to build
how much power does the 3 gorges dam produce
over 20,000 mW (2x all of britains nuclear power put together)
how many underground powerhouses does the 3 gorges dam contain
3
how many people were moved so that they weren’t flooded for the construction of the 3 gorges dam
over 1 million
energy surplus definition
if a country’s energy supply exceeds its demand
energy deficit definition
if the energy demand exceeds supply
has the uk’s reliance on fossil fuels decreased or increased since 1970
decreased, from a combined 91% to 50%
how much of the world’s energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels
86%
how much of the world’s energy comes from renewable sources
14%
what are the proportions of different fossil fuels
approximately 1/3 oil, 1/3 gas, 1/3 coal
what proportion of the world’s energy use was from renewable sources in 2015
14%
what are the proportions of different renewable energy sources in 2015
7% HEP
4% nuclear
3% other sources
what percentage of renewable electricity is wind power in 2020
50%
which fossil fuel is being used more than it used to be
natural gas
which fossil fuel is being used less than it used to be
coal
what is a greenhouse gas
gases that when released into the atmosphere, absorb infrared radiation thereby holding heat in the atmosphere.
what is acid rain
sulphur dioxide combines with water and oxygen to make sulphuric acid
uses of coal
electricity and steel
advantages of oil and gas over coal
fewer carbon dioxide emissions
no acid rain
transport via pipes
oil can be used for plastics
disadvantages of using oil and gas
possible oil spills
only 50 years of oil left (peak oil)
oil pipelines are potential terrorist targets
political problems of being dependent on russia/middle east for electricity
what does peak oil mean
we’re using oil sooner than we can find it
which country uses the most nuclear energy
france
how many tonnes of nuclear fuel does a nuclear power station use per year
50 tons
How long does 50 tons of coal last in a coal power station
6 minutes
advantages of nuclear fuel
less carbon dioxide emissions low running costs uses a small amount of fuel last longer no acid rain
disadvantages of nuclear fuel
high start-up costs fear of radioactive contamination hard to dispose of nuclear waste nuclear accidents e.g. Chernobyl or Fukushima decommissioning costs
types of renewable energy
wind solar HEP tidal geothermal biofuels fuelwood
what is the cheapest form of electricity
wind power
what percentage of the world’s power comes from HEP
7%
advantages of hydroelectric power
water in the dam released when electricity needed
less carbon dioxide emissions
disadvantages of hydroelectric power
disruption to the environment and nearby settlements
expensive to build
where do they use geothermal energy
the Philippines and Iceland
example of biofuel
in brazil they grow sugarcane, turn it into alcohol, then combine it with petrol for cars or grow vegetables, to make vegetable oil.
what is fuelwood
wood being burnt for fuel
advantages of fuelwood
renewable
easy to get the fuel
cheap
disadvantages of fuelwood
carbon dioxide emissions
deforestation
air pollution from woodsmoke
how much coal is in china’s energy mix
65%
how much nuclear is in china’s energy mix
5%
how much wind is in china’s energy mix
5%
how much of the global energy is consumed by china
22%
how much of the world’s oil does china use
2/3
arable farming
growing of crops like wheat
pastoral farming
raising of animals
horticulture
growing flowers/shrubs/trees
market garden
growing fruit and vegetables commercially on a small scale
subsistence farming
growing enough for the family or community
ranching
rearing of cattle
intensive farming
high inputs of capital and labour compared with small amount of land used. high yield.
extensive farming
low inputs of capital and labour compared with large amount of land used. low yield.
dairying
raising animals for dairy/milk
plantation
estate growing coffee/tobacco/sugar/fruit cultivated by resident labour
nomadic herding
moving seasonally to find new/good pasture to raise animals
shifting cultivation
farming system where land is cleared, farmed, and then deserted again until it regains its fertility.
nomadic farming
moving seasonally to find new/good land to grow crops
inputs:
factors that go into a farm
processes:
activities that take place on a farm to convert inputs to outputs
ouputs:
the products made on the farm
undernourished definition
not enough calories to meet basic needs
starvation definition
extreme form of malnutrition
famine definition
widespread scarcity of food, leading to undernourishment and starvation throughout the community.
physical causes of lack of food (5pts)
drought floods pests and disease climate overpopulation
economic causes of lack of food
low capital investment
poor distribution or transport difficulties
political causes of lack of food
war/conflict
what do factory farms and market gardens require
large inputs of energy.
what does shifting cultivation require
good - quality soils and flat land
what do commercial farms require
large areas of land for machines to plough and irrigate. warmer temperatures desirable.
what are colder climates with poor quality soils often used for
nomadic herding
impacts of food shortages
food insecurity famine soil erosion rising prices/inflation social unrest
Examples of physical inputs for an arable farm
Seeds
Capital and machinery
Fertilisers and pesticides
Example of a human input for an arable farm
Labour
Examples of processes for an arable farm
Ploughing
Weeding
Harvesting
Examples of outputs for an arable farm
Wheat
Rice
Physical inputs of a pastoral farm
Animals
Gentle relief
Processes of a pastoral farm
Shearing
Dairying
Outputs of a pastoral farm
Wool and hides
Manure
Milk
Where is Darfur
South Sudan
Darfur: human cause
Conflict since Sudan became independent in 2011, this led to displacement of 1.5 million people, and therefore a low crop yield
Darfur: physical (climate) cause
Only 300mm rainfall a year, plus the tropics of cancer means it is hot and dry.
Darfur: physical (Nile) cause
The River Nile is 1000km away which means farmers can not regularly and reliably access it for irrigation on their farms.
Darfur: economic collapse
Less food production and infrastructure destroyed, so there is less buying, selling and trading taking place, so unemployment rates rise and Darfur cannot progress towards becoming a MEDC
Darfur: Malnutrition impact
1/4 of children in Darfur have life threatening malnutrition which has long lasting health effects and unable to go to school, which will decrease the proportion of educated people in the economically active category in the future.
Darfur: Refugees impact
Refugees flee to neighbouring countries, unable to contribute to economy and Darfur’s emergency food aid has expanded so much, they live off 50% of their rations
Darfur: responses
US donated $2.7 billion
Oxfam provided food, water, sanitation
2015 peace deal signed but uneffective.
3 harmful effects of farming on the environment
deforestation
speeding up climate change through the release of carbon in trees and plants
chemical fertilisers contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas nitrous oxide
3 ways in which the author suggests we might solve the issue of food shortages
organic farming
argroecology
permaculture
food aid description
when poorer countries are in need of aid richer countries help by donating food
food aid advantages
short term relief and decreasing starvation and malnutrition rates
food aid disadvantages
governments may become dependent on food handouts,
does little to solve long term problems and is usually richer countries trying to improve their food security.
GM crops description
to alter crops scientifically to enable them to withstand pests and diseases, droughts and salty conditions.
green revolution description
the process of using science to improve the cultivation of crops such as scientifically developing new types of rice that give it a higher yield.
subsidies
grants given by the government to support farmers
system
a set of inter-related parts and processes
what is land tenure
ownership status of the land (who owns it and how, e.g. tenant farmer, owners or nomadic)
what is a tenant farmer
renting the farmland
what is a common agricultural policy
subsidy from the EU for farmers
what is a cereal crop
grains e.g. oats, wheat, maize
how many people in the world do not have enough to eat
800 million (out of 7.5 billion)
what is a choropleth map
a colour coded map to show statistical data e.g. population or per capita income
types of malnutrition
kwashiorkor, beriberi, rickets, scurvy
what is a storm surge
where sea levels rise suddenly during a storm and
food aid organisations
United Nations and Oxfam
what is long term food aid
planning to prevent future food shortages
what is short term food aid
feeding hungry people during a food shortage/crisis
appropriate technology description
using technology to enhance and speed up the farming system
examples of appropriate technology in a LIC
small earth dams
wells
tree shelter belts to prevent wind erosion
improved food storage
when did the green revolution start
1930’s
what is irrigation
giving water to crops
what are the types of irrigation
surface irrigation
drip irrigation
sub-surface drip irrigation
surface irrigation
when water moves over land by gravity and sinks through.
drip irrigation
regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via pipes.
sub-surface drip irrigation
regularly dropping water onto the roots of crops via underground pipes
salination
the impacts of having to use salty water for irrigation (damaged soil)
primary sector definition
the extraction or growth of raw materials
primary sector examples
farming, forestry, fishing, mining
secondary sector definition
the manufacturing or processing of raw materials
secondary sector examples
car manufacturing, food processing, energy production
tertiary sector definition
providing a service for the public
tertiary sector examples
shop worker, teacher, doctor, nurse, entertainment
quaternary sector definition
research and development (providing specialist expertise)
quaternary sector examples
scientist, computer programmer, business consultant
what is an NIC
newly industrialised country
what is a manufacturing industry
any industry where raw materials are used and processed into something else
inputs
labour
raw materials
processes
assembly
packaging
outputs
products
profit
feedback
customer feedback
profit
light industry
when raw materials and final products are small in size.
less capital intensive
more labour intensive.
heavy industry
when raw materials and final products are large in size.
more capital intensive
less labour intensive.
heavy industry example
car manufacturing and steel making
light industry example
food and clothing manufacturing
hi-tech industry
creating technically advanced products
hi-tech industry examples
computer software and robotics
cottage industry
small scale business that doesn’t depend on location
factors of location for a heavy industry (5)
accessible for transport of certain materials
countryside/urban fringe for land to expand/diversify and build on
not near homes
close to reliable electrical supply for working machines
government incentive
factors of location for a light industry (4)
labour supply
accessibility for transport to warehouses and workers to get there
lots of space
good communication, internet coverage
factors of location for a hi-tech industry
close to university for research and students (for internets etc.) and lectures.
close to other hi-tech companies, so they know the competition and share ideas.
attracting high calibre employees, so have a pleasant environment as an incentive.
globalisation definition
an increase in independence and interconnectedness that leads to the company (being able to) increase trade, technology and transport.
what is deindustrialisation
a decrease in the amount of manufacturing taking place, like in Britain.
why would a japanese TNC like toyota choose to locate in the UK
transport links and connections (for employees to commute and for materials to be transported)
room for expansion
pleasant environment
close to market
development (def)
process of change which alllows all the basic needs of a country or region to be met, thereby achieveing greater social justice and quality of life
measures of development
economically using GNP, GDP or GNI per caita. social indicators (health, literacy/education/wellbeing) political factors (personal freedom, freedom of speech, right to vote, freedom from discrimination and the role of disadvantaged groups in the society
development gap def
the differences between the most and least advanced countries - the HIC’s and LIC’s
north-south divide def
a socio-economic and political divide between the north and the south
what is multivariate analysis
measurement of a range of development variables (not just economic). used for qualitative variables that are harder to compare.
HDI
longetivity - life expectancy
knowledge - adult literacy rate and enrolment ratios of students in primary school throught to university level
income -
purchasing power parity (PPP)
gdp per person adjusted for local cost of living
trade blocs def
groups of countries form economic agreements and unions
how is HDI presented
a number
limitations of HDI
partially politically motivated to focus on health and development
only 3 factors
it can hide huge regional disparities
its relative not absolute
multidimensional poverty index
uses different fators to determine the levels of poverty and allows comparisons across countries, regions and the world, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location.
factors that contribute to development gap (6)
location and physical environment size of country in area climate economic policies political stability population policies
formal secctor def
encompassing all jobs with normal hours and regualar wages, on which income tax must be paid.
informal sector def
encompassing all jobs which are not recognised as normal income sources and on which taxes are not paid.
employment structure def
the percentage of workers in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors in a country
transnatioonal corporation def
global corportations, companies or businesses with their headquarters and research development activities in one country and their factories and/or production centres in other countries.
economic globalisation
largely caused by the growth of transnational coorportations
cultural globalisation
impact of western culture/art/media/sport/leisure activities
political globalisation
growth of western democracies and their influence on other countries
global shift def
where production processes are relocated from HIC’s to MIC’s and LIC’s
multiplier effect
occurs when an initial injection of money into the local, regional or national economy causes a bigger final increase in local, regional, or national wealth.
for a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems faced living in squatter settlements
Dharavi low hygiene and sanitation: 500 share a toilet widespread disease: of diptheria and typhoid, there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation. lack of resources: water rationed except 5:30 - 7:30 am
positive impact of a TNC locating nearby
employment
tourism
boost to local economy
negative impact of a TNC locating nearby
visually unappealing
traffic
destruction of land
cultural erosion
negatives of TNC’s (generally)
fumes (pollution of water and air) cheap labour - exploitation of workers danger to lives unsafe working conditions deforestation greenhouse emissions lack of useable water cultural erosion
hi tech industries do not need to be located in paticular areas because they don’t rely on raw materials. therefore they are _______
footloose
toyota provide manufacturing jobs in how many countries?
67
where are the regional headquarters of toyota
UK, USA, Japan, Thailand
why are the headquarters of toyota in these locations
they locate near other TNC’s for sharing of ideas and information and to know the competition
where is toyotas research and development sites
USA, China, Japan
why are toyotas research and development sites where they are
theyre near high calibre universities which means they have access to higher-skilled workers and can manage the business better or higher up the hierarchy.
where does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota
the uk
why does most of the manufacturing and assembly take place for toyota in the uk
good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes
why is locating manufactuing and assembly in the uk a benefit to toyota
toyota can simultaneously improve efficency and reduce costs
what is the HDI
human development index
what goes into the HDI
life expectancy, education, and gross national income per capita
most LEDC’s have a large proportion of their industry in the…
primary sector
most MEDC’s have a large proportion of their industry in which sectors
tertiary and quaternary sectors
physical factors of location
site natural transport routes raw material availability water supply attractive environment
human/economic factors of location
labour capital/money markets transport government policies leisure/amenities
Hi-tech industries usually locate
in a pleasant working environment
near government incentives
close to high-skilled labour (universities)
describe the employment in each sector in an LEDC
high primary
low secondary
increasing tertiary
describe the employment in each sector in an NIC
decreasing primary
increased (and now even) secondary
increasing tertiary
describe the employment in each sector in an MEDC
decreased primary
even secondary
increased tertiary
how does government policy affect industrial location
financial incentives
minimum wage
cost of land
how does land affect industrial location
cheap
flat
greenfield
for an example you have studied, describe and explain the location of an industry.
regional hq in: uk, usa, japan, thailand
——-> able to locate near other TNC’s for collaboration and competition.
r&d sites in: usa, china, japan
———> higher calibre universities for high-calibre employees
most manufacturing sites in: uk
———> good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes
describe the adv and disadv of a TNC locating there
tourism - westfield, trainstation, new leisure opportunities
employment - since opening, employed over 2500 people
traffic - heavier than before 1992, hold ups on the A38 at rush hour
describe the positives of a named TNC at a local and national scale
employment - employed over 2500 people
sponsorship - toyota sponsored derby country and gave them funds.
tourism - westfield shopping centre, leisure opportunities
explain why employment structure changes as a country develops
growth of tourism rise in tertiary as education rises industrialization demand for services e.g medical growth of secondary sector as technology improves
inputs, processes, outputs of a manufacturing/processing industry
toyota inputs: 580 acres of land 2506 employees processes: welding, assembly outputs: 14,000 corollas
supply of energy to a country
china
HEP: over 20,000 mW of energy
coal: powers 31 million homes
oil: 360 million vehiclesF
for a named area you have sutdied, describe its attractions and explain how they have encouraged the growth of the tourist industry
GBR
biodiversity - 25% of all marine creatures
location - east of cairns, whitsundays, reef accessible to tourists. many youth hostels and bars
warm water: 18-32 degrees. lesiure activities like snorkelling and scuba diving
for a named country or area you have studied, describe the impacts of tourism on the natural environment
GBR
climate change - 1/2 of coral bleached in 2002
oil from ships blocks light availability and pollutes water
water pollution - 11,000 shipping movements / year
overfishing, destroys food chains and species endangerment
overfishing - only 1500 fish in GBR
for a named area you have studied, descibe the benefits and problems of tourism for local people
GBR
$5.5 billion made from tourism
64,000 jobs in the industry
overfishing (11,000 shipping movements / year) decreases local food availability
for an area you have studied where tourism is important, explain how its negative impacts are managed
GBR
different management zones: tourists and scientists can enjoy the reef while other areas heal
fishing permits: fines of up to $1 million can be fined upon companies endangering the ecosystem
75% reduction in disel a day (550l to 100l)
for a named country or region you have studied, describe the effect of food shortages on the people who live there
darfur
collapse of economy - less ability to trade with less food - less money flow - people poorer - unemployment - darfur stays LEDC
health: 1/4 children under 5 have long lasting effects on bones and mobility (not enough workers in future)
refugees: unable to contribute to economy so move to neigbouring country. too few to support old dependendents so rations have decreased from 72% to 50%
for a named country or region you have studied, explain the causes of food shortages
darfur
conflict - 1.5 million displaced - low crop yield
climate - tropic of cancer - hot and dry - less than 300mm / year
river nile - 1000 km away - little/irregular access to water - low crop yield
for an example of a farm or agricultural system at a named location describe the farming system
Yeo valley
400 british friesans - milking - 500mil litres / year
1000 jobs - organic gardens - holt farm tourist attrction, £300 million turnover / year
loamy soil - drainage of water and fertile soil - elephant grass (for cows, meat, eggs, vegetables)
for a type of farming in a named area you have studied, describe and explain the inputs which are neded
yeo valley
400 british friesan cows
1000 jobs
loamy soil
importance of non-renewable energy sources
easily available (abundant for n ow)
used widely
less expensive
high energy density
renewable energy sources advantages
low running costs (usually)
no waste/pollution produced
renewable energy sources disadvantages
solar only happens in sunlight wind only happens during wind location specific expensive (sometimes) reuseable uses less land sorces not always constant
how much of the earth’s water is saltwater and how much is freshwater
97% is saltwater
3% is freshwater
how much of earth’s freshwater is in the form of glaciers and ice caps
just over 2/3
so how much of earth’s water is above ground
0.3%
how much water is required for a day in a person’s diet and lifestyle
2000-5000 litres
is there theoretically enough water for the world
yes but it is unevenly distributed and a large amount is not accessible
what is the great artesain basin in australia
the largest artesian basin in the world, and can hold 64 900 km of groundwater
what does an artesainbasin require
bed of porous rock absorbing precipitation
a bed of non-porous rock below and above it, preventing water percolating out, which eventually will fill open pore spaces in the rock and will become fully saturated with water, forming an aquifer
renewable freshwater def
suface water and groundwater resources
water table def
the level underground at which the rocks or soil are completely saturated with water. it forms the upper limit of groundwater, and it can go up and down based on a number of factors, including level of precipitation and rates of evapotranspiration
artesian basin def
this is found where the groundwater is confined or trapped in an area underground
what factors determine the source and amount of water flowing through an underground aquifier/groundwater system
precipitation
the location of other surface water bodies
the evapotranspiration rate
what is rainwater harvesting
collecting water from precipitation
used as a supplement alongside other sources
what is reclaimed water
water recycled from human use
used as an important solution to reduce stress on primary water resources (like groundwater and surface water)
often used to sperate greywater from blackwater
recharged aquifier def
can take place either naturally, as rainwater percolates from the surface into rocks and soil underground, or artificially by humans by flooding an area and allowing the water to infiltrate into the ground and percolate down to the underground aquifier, or by injecting water underground via boreholes or wells
spring def
a starting point for a stream or river
greywater def
warer from domestic activities such as washing
blackwater def
water that contains human waste
where do LIC’s and MIC’s have most of the water supply used in
agriculture and fairly little in industry or domestic use
how much water does agriculture use
70%
give some techniques for maintiang a sustainable water supply in agriculture
using organic farming practices which limit the chemical substances that could contaminate water
the efficent delivery of water to crops
using micro irrigation systems
reasons for shortages vs surplus’ of water
precipitation evaporation temperatures type of land use level of economic development population density presence of water bearing rocks or aquifers how close people live to rivers political decisions
for a named country you have studied, describe the methods used to supply water.
china south-north water transfer project: costing china $62 billion 45 billion m cubed water transferred hundreds of thousands displaced 3 gorges dam: took from 1992-2012 HEP does not produce particulate matter Yangtze river dolphin extinct alternatives: wastewater recycling, sewage treatment of urban wastewater more than tripled between 1990 and 2005 drip fed irrigation over sprinkler systems would reduce the 60% wasted water used in agriculture
challenges now facing the nile basin
climate change (droughts and temperatures increase demand)
high population growth rates (high demand)
demands of faster economic growth
huge soil loss due to land degradation
wetlands increasingly threatened by land conversion
significant loss of biodiversity
risk of seawater intrusion and soil salinisation
country with the largest volume of freshwater available per person
iceland (1.4 million litres per person per day)
country with the smallest volume of freshwater available per person
kuwait (16 litres per person per day)
how to manage water supply
make sure broken watre pipes are mended
use reservoirs and damss in one area to transger water into large urban areas
reduce use of fertiliser on farms to increase water quality
managing water demand
drip fed irrigaton recycle waste water reduce domestic usage improve irrigation techniques growing drought-resistant crops
how to reduce water used domestically
shower not bath
turn the tap off whilst brushing your teeth
installing more efficient appliances
collecting rainwater
LIC ways of meeting water demand
wells
gravity fed schemes
boreholes
causes of soil erosion (5)
deforestation overcultivation rising populations overgrazing trampling of the ground by animals leading to soil compaction
processes that cause soil erosion
water erosion wind erosion over abstraction of groundwater salination climate change
groundwater abstraction def
the process of taking water from a ground source, either temporarily or permenantly
desertification def
the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry, sub-humid areas
managing soil erosion
shelter belts contour ploughing terracing bunding tier or layer cropping strip or inter cropping
mangaging desertification
drip irrigation techniques
micro-dosing
urban degradation def
damage to urban physical environment, often has a detrimental effect on the health and well being of people living in these areas
noise contours def
lines joining places of constant noise level measured in Leq
most common greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide methane water vapour chloroflurocarbons nitrous oxide
what do greenhouse gases do
allow solar radiation to pass through them but are then very effective at trapping the outgoing long term terrestial radiation being emitted from the earth
enhanced greenhouse effect def
the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to the increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that humans have released into the earths atmosphere since the industrial revolution
global warming def
a gradual increase in the average temperture of the earths atmosphere and its oceans
coral bleaching def
the corals are killed and only their bleached skeletons remain
cause in rise of carbon dioxide
deforestation
industrialisation
emissions
melting of permafrost
causes in rise of methane
cattle farming
rice fields and natural wetlands
causes in rise of nitrous oxide
naturally emitted by the bacteria in soils and in the oceans
agriculture
impacts of global warming
rising sea levels
changing climatic patterns
more extreme weather events
list three activities which make global warming worse (3)
transport/cars
deforestation
cattle grazing
aviation
explain why many people are concerned about global warming
loss of habitats loss of biodiversity flooding of coastal areas some areas become drier ice caps melt sea levels rise some species extinct
