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cambridge igcse geography > theme one > Flashcards

theme one Flashcards

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1
Q

GNI per capita is

A

gross national inome per person. the total value of all the goods and services a country produces (GDP) plus the net income it recives from other countries divided by the population of the country

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2
Q

MEDC means

A

more economically developed country

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3
Q

LEDC means

A

less economically developed country

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4
Q

LIC means

A

low income country

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5
Q

MIC means

A

middle income country

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6
Q

NIC means

A

newly industrialised country

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7
Q

GDP per capita is

A

gross domestic product. the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in one year divided by all the people living in that country.

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8
Q

birth rate

A

the average number of live births per 1000 people in a country per year

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9
Q

by 2017, a country was classified as an HIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was above
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A

$12,476

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10
Q

by 2017, a country was classified as an MIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was between

A

$1026 and $12,475

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11
Q

by 2017, a country was classified as an LIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was below
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A

$1025

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12
Q

what is the worlds population expected to reach by 2024 (as predicted by the UN)

A

8 billion people

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13
Q

death rate is

A

the average number of deaths for every 1000 people in a country per year

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14
Q

fertility rate is

A

the number of live births per 1000 women of child bearing age group (aged 15-49)

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15
Q

sustainability definition

A

the ability of an area or country to continue to thrive indefinitely by maintaining both its economic viability and its natural environment, while meeting the needs of both its present and future generations by limiting the depletion of its resources.

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16
Q

how much of the world’s population is in asia

A

60%

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17
Q

reasons for rapid population growth 1750-1900

A

improvements in farming techiques
improvements in public health care
improved water supply

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18
Q

urbanisation is

A

the increase in the amount of number of people living in towns and cities, causing urban areas to grow.

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19
Q

susbistence agriculture is

A

growing enough to feed your family, with little or no extra to sell for cash

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20
Q

over population is

A

a country or region that does not have enough resources to keep all of its people at a reasonable standard of living

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21
Q

under population is

A

when there are not enough people living in a region or country to make full use of the resources at a given level of technology

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22
Q

factors that contributed to a reduced birth rate

A

access to contraception - family size could be planned
increases in wages - families were better off and no longer required their children to generate income
increased urbanisation - children were not needed as much for work as they were in rural farming families
improvement in the status and education of women

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23
Q

factors that contributed to a reduced death rate

A

improvements in health care and nutrition
a reduction in subsistence agriculture
increases in wages

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24
Q

causes of over population

A

water
food
environment

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25
Q

social factors that can lead to a change in population size

A

healthcare, lifestyle, education and migration

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26
Q

economic factors that can lead to a change in population size

A

availability of employment and wage levels which can trigger migration.

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27
Q

political factors that can lead to a changein population size

A

gov policies

civil war

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28
Q

natural increase is

A

the birth rate exceeds the death rate and the population grows

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29
Q

replacement level is

A

the average number of children born per woman at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

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30
Q

why has fertility rate decreased

A

advances in fertility treatment
rising costs in child rearing
high levels of women in education

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31
Q

social impacts of having a high rate of birth and natural population growth

A

more infant healthcare, high birth rates will require more midwives.
more primary schools will be needed

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32
Q

economic factors and impacts of having a high rate of birth and natural population growth

A

food supply will need to be increased
could lead to higher levels of employment.
increased pool of labour
increase taxation

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33
Q

what happens when fertility rates are below replacement level

A

population decline

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34
Q

how many people are HIV positive in africa

A

1 in 10 people between the ages of 15 and 49

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35
Q

what percentage of people in botswana are HIV positive

A

40%

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36
Q

what are six impacts of HIV and AIDS

A

labour supply decreased
death of parents mean many more orphaned children and the uneconomically active groups are left to care for the family
- dependency ratio
lack of education
poverty means many cannot afford treatment
infant and child mortality

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37
Q

deindustrialization definition

A

a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially in the heavy or manufacturing industry

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38
Q

dependency ratio definition

A

the ratio between the economically active, 15 - 65 years old, and the economically inactive, under 15 and over 65 years old

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39
Q

for a country you have studied, describe the problems caused by overpopulation.

A

niger:
1 of 15 sub-saharan countries to not have water.
2012: 31% of nigerian women are victims of domestic violence.
40% of people live in extreme poverty.

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40
Q

for a country you have studied, explain why it has a high rate of population growth

A

nigeria:
40% of people live in poverty
10,000 people come into lagos a week
fertility rate is 5.53

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41
Q

for a country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by underpopulation

A

australia:
predicted 2.3 million worker shortage by 2030
high taxes of $18,200
not many services, some have to commute long distances up to 1000km.

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42
Q

for a country you have studied, evaluate the success of it’s population policy

A

china (1979-2015)
115 men to 100 women
4:2:1 ratio of grandparents: parents: children
400 million births prevented

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43
Q

for a country you have studied, explain why it has a low rate of population growth

A

russia
career focussed women: total fertility rate 1.8
life expectancy 72
500,000 deaths a year due to alcohol consumption

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44
Q

for a country you have studied, describe the problems caused by an ageing population

A

china
4:2:1 ratio of grandparents: parents: children
small economically active, 12% are above 65 years of age
more pressure on public services, 300 million chronic patients, half of which are over 65.

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45
Q

for a country you have studied, explain why it has a high population density

A

nigeria:
40% in poverty (children to work)
10,000 people come into lagos a week
fertility rate of 5.53% (lack of contraception and uneducated women)

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46
Q

for a country you have studied, explain why it has a low population density

A

russia
career focussed women, total fertility rate of 1.8
only 240,000 immigrants a year
life expectancy of 72

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47
Q

for a country you have studied, describe the impacts of HIV/AIDS

A

botswana:
49-54% of deaths to do with HIV/AIDS, strain on healthcare services
GDP to fall 22% a year
120,000 orphans - dependency ratio

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48
Q

quality of life def

A

the general well being of indiviuals and societies, outlining negative an dpositive features of life, including a persons family, income, and access to services

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49
Q

anti-natalist policies def

A

these aim to lower birth rates and encourage lower fertilty rates

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50
Q

pro-natalist policies def

A

tese aim to encourage higher fertility rates and so increase birth rates

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51
Q

carrying capacity def

A

the amount of resources in a country necessary to support the population

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52
Q

what might population control include

A 
increasing access to contraceptin
abstinence
increasing access to abortion
educating women on fmily planning
improving health care to decrease infant/child mortality so that the need for many children is reduced
decreasing immigration
increasing emigration
advertising campaigns highlighting the bonuses of a smaller family
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53
Q

actions a country can take with an anti-natalist policy

A

providing free contraception
legalising abortion
laws to limit family size
encouraging education of women

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54
Q

migrant labour def

A

people who move to a country to work

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55
Q

emigrant def

A

a person who moves out of one country to go to live in another country

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56
Q

immigrant def

A

a person who moves into a country in order to live there

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57
Q

push factors def

A

factors that cause people to move/migratae away from an area

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58
Q

pull factors def

A

factors that attract people to an area

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59
Q

migration push factors

A 
natural disasters
high unemployment
war
poverty due to low incomes
lack of healthcare
crop failure
land shortages
housing shortages
lack of safety/high crimes
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60
Q

migration pull factors

A 
higher employment
higher incomes
availability of food
higher standard of living
better ehalthcare
better housing and education opportunities
greater political stability
more attractive living environment
less crime
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61
Q

voluntary migrantions are

A

often for economic reasons as people look for employment or for improved income.

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62
Q

involuntary migrantions are

A

(sometimes referred to as forced migrations) may be as a result of environmental disasters or wars that have political or religious cause.

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63
Q

refugees are

A

people who have been forced to leagve their homes because of war or natural disaster.

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64
Q

impacts of rural-urban migration on the rural areas

A

rural areas become depopulation so crop yield and food production decreases.
family burden on the partner left behind

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65
Q

impacts of rural-urban migration on the urban areas

A

not enough housing might lead to squatter settlements.

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66
Q

rural-urban migration def

A

the movement of people from rural to urban areas

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67
Q

standard of living def

A

the factors that affect a persons quality of life and which can be measured; many measures to do with a persons standard of living are to do with material possessions

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68
Q

urbanisation def

A

the increase in the number of people living towns and cities, causing them to grow

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69
Q

voluntary migration def

A

a migrant chooses to leave their country or region

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70
Q

involuntary (forced) migration def

A

where a migrant has no choice and has to leave their country or a region

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71
Q

refugee def

A

a person who has been forced to escape war, a natural disaster or persecution but who does not have another ocuntry to go to

72
Q

squatter settlement def

A

an area of makeshift housing that usually develops in unfavourable sites in and around a city also known as ‘shanty’ towns, favelas, or bustees depending on their location

73
Q

impacts of urban-rural migration

A

older inner city areas become depopulated - doughnut effect

lack of tax revenue so services decline, rural areas have to m make more housing

74
Q

counter urbanisation def

A

the process bywhich an increasing number of people within a country live in the countryside instead of in towns and cities. this could be the result of natural increase in population and/or migration

75
Q

doughnut effect def

A

the migration of people from the central parts of cities to the outer suburbs to live and work

76
Q

economic migrant def

A

a person who emigrates from one country to another to seek an improvement in their standard of living (the UN uses the term ‘migrant worker’)

77
Q

remittance def

A

transfer of money by a foreign worker to their home country

78
Q

effects of migration on migrants themselves

A

lack of qualifications - unskilled low paid jobs
language barrier - exploitation by businesses
higher living costs - unable to buy homes and have to live in poor overcrowded conditions
discrimination - lack of safety
migrants may have entered country illegally - fear of arrest

79
Q

population structure def

A

a term used to describe the structure/composition/make up of a population in a country or region

80
Q

population pyramid def

A

a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

81
Q

sex ration def

A

the ratio of males to females in a population

82
Q

economically active def

A

the 15-65 age grou

83
Q

economically inactive def

A

the age groups below 15 and above 65 who are dependent on the economically active age group

84
Q

dependency ratio def

A

the ratio between the economically active and inactive groups

85
Q

what is the global natural sex ratio

A

106 males for every 100 females

86
Q

effects of an ageing population

A 
fall in total population
labour shortages
increased spending on medical services for the elderly
the under use and closure of schools
more people require a pension for longer
87
Q

effects of rapid population growth

A

not enough resources to supply a larger population
lack of work
inadequate food supplies
poor access to education and health care
overcrowded housing/lack of space
lack of housing leading to the development of squatter settlements
increased traffic congestion
inadequate clean water supply and sewage disposal
increased pollution

88
Q

population density =

A

total area (km)

89
Q

population density def

A

the number of people per square kilometre

90
Q

population distribution def

A

the pattern of where people live

91
Q

physical factors involve

A

differneces in the natural environment

92
Q

human factors are

A

a result of himan activities, may be economic, political or social/cultural

93
Q

physical factors affecting population density and distibution

A 
climate
water supply
soils/fertility of the soil
relief
natural resources
94
Q

where do areas of high population density tend to be

A

in temperate areas where there are not extremes of temperatures

95
Q

natural resources def

A

any natural resource fromw ater and soil, to wind and minerals (broadest sense)

96
Q

cumulative causation def

A

certain things will result (be caused) when a group of factors combines (accumulate)

97
Q

human factors affecting population density and distibution

A

economic factors: transport/money
political factors
social factors and cultural factors

98
Q

someitmes large urban areas frow up in places which would otherwide be sparsely populated, e.g.

A

around an oasis in the desert, near rivers,
mining settlements,
tourist destinations,
route centres/junctions
market towns
sheltered, fertile valley in highland area

99
Q

census def

A

a procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population; it is a regularly occurring, official count of a particular population

100
Q

hydro-electric power def

A

electricity generated by using moving water to turn turbines.

101
Q

dispersed settlement

A

where indiviual buildings are spread out across a landscape

102
Q

nucleated settlement

A

circular in shape with the buildings mostly concentrated around a route centre

103
Q

linear settlement

A

where a settlement occurs along either side of a road and looks like a long line

104
Q

site def

A

the area of land actually covered by the buildings in a settlement

105
Q

topographic map def

A

a detailed and quantitave representation fo relief - the height and shape of land, usually using contour lines

106
Q

situation def

A

a description of a settlement in relation to the other settlements and physical features that surround it

107
Q

settlement function def

A

the term given to the functions that take place in a settlement, e.g. tourist resort or market town

108
Q

physical factors that influence growth of a settlement

A

flat or gently sloping land that was easy to build on
good defence site
a wet point site to be near a reliable source of water
a dry point site to avoid flooding
fertile land for growing food
sheltered site
good transport links

109
Q

after siting ad building, many settlements have continued to grow and expand in size because they also provide good sites for industry and factories to locate. for example

A

large river nearby
relatively cheap
near excellent transport routes
nearby work/labour force

110
Q

settlement hierachy def

A

a way of arranging settlments into rank order based upon their population or some other criteria.

111
Q

service hierachy def

A

settlements can be ranked according to the type of services they provide, such as in healthcare or education. a high order settlement may have large hospitals; while a low order settlement have a small health centre.

112
Q

convience goods def

A

goods that people need to buy perhaps two to three times a week such as water, vegetables, fruit, milk and newspapers.

113
Q

sphere of influence def

A

the area surrounding a settlement that is affected by the settlements activities

114
Q

a city or high order settlement will have many high order services like…

A 
retailing,
leisure (cinemas etc)
educational institutions
medical facilities
financial and insurance services
estate agents
large supermarkets for weekly shopping
115
Q

a village will only have low order services such as

A

a small grocery shop

post office

116
Q

what does a settlement;s size of sphere of influence depend on

A

the number and type of services it provides
transport facilites available to the settlement
the level of competition from surrounding settlements

117
Q

range def

A

the maximum distance people are prepared to travek to purchase a service or product.

118
Q

threshold population def

A

the minimum number of people necessary before a particular good or service can be provided in an area.

119
Q

central business district def

A

the main commercil and shopping area of a town or city

120
Q

inequality def

A

the extreme differences that exist within many urban areas in poverty and wealth, access to employment opportunities or access to services such as healthcare and housing provision

121
Q

features of a typical CBD

A 
high cost of land
high rise buildings
few houses/residence
lack of open space
transport focus
122
Q

what are the hoyt and burgess models

A 
models that show land use:
the CBD
factories/indsutry
working class housing
middle class housing
commuter zone/high class housing
123
Q

rural urban fringe def

A

where the urban area meets the rural countryside at the edge of a town or city

124
Q

regeneration scheme def

A

the use of public money to reverse the decline of a city or town by improving both the physical structure and the economy of those areas by encouraging private investment

125
Q

reurbanisation def

A

the movement of people back into an area thta has been previously re-abandoned

126
Q

brownfield site def

A

land that was previously used for either industrial purposes or some commercial uses

127
Q

gentrification def

A

renovation and revival of deteriorated urban area to attract more affluent residents

128
Q

urban sprawl def

A

the expansion of an urban area away from the central urban areas into low-density and often car-dependent communitites on the edge of existing urban areas

129
Q

green belts def

A

areas of land surroudning an urban city area where any new housing or industrial development was tobe stopped or severly restricted

130
Q

footloose business def

A

business that are not tied to a paticular location

131
Q

greenfield site def

A

an area of underdeveloped land, often being used for agricultural needs, amenity or forest use, or some other undeveloped site that has been identified for commercial development or industrial projects

132
Q

counter-urbanisation def

A

when large numbers of people move from urban areas into the surrounding countryside or rural areas

133
Q

surbanised villages def

A

villages which have adopted some of the characteristics of urban areas

134
Q

communter hinterland def

A

the rural area around large urban areas/cities that are economically active tied to the urban area

135
Q

reasons for redevelopment at rural urban fringe

A 
land much cheaper
less traffic congestion
room to expand the development in the future
larger area for car parking
less pollution
136
Q

what do surbanbised villages provide

A 
houses with a modern design and amenities
space to park cars
easy access to local services
relatively low cost 
gardens/space
low air pollution
close proximity to workplaces
good public transport
137
Q

cause of traffic congestion

A

inadequate road infrastructure to meet the number of vehicles using the road network

138
Q

cause of housing shortages and overcrowding

A

lack of both public and private housing as a result of inadequate planning

139
Q

cause of unemployment

A

urban economy failing to expand to provide employment for the expanding urban population, especially where rural-urban migration is taking place

140
Q

cause of deprivation

A

lack of employment and education opportunites

141
Q

cause of pollution - air water noise

A

lack of environmental pollution laws and regualtions

142
Q

possible solution to traffic congestion

A

increase public transport and provision of it (buses, trains, trams and light railways)

143
Q

possible solution to housing shortages

A

planned urban housing expanison

144
Q

possible solution to unemploymnetq

A

increase employment opportunities by expanding school and training facilitites

145
Q

possible solution to deprivation

A

increase educational opportunities by expanding schools and better training facilities

146
Q

posible solution to pollution - air, water, noise

A

provide better water and sewage facilities and enforce stricter environmental pollution controls

147
Q

urbanisation def

A

the process by which an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities instead of the countryside. result of natual increase and/or migration

148
Q

implications of rapid and unplanned urban gwoth

A

threatens the sustainable development of many urban areas when the necessary infrastructure is not developed or when policies are not implemented to ensure the benefits of life are equally shared

149
Q

mega cities def

A

cities with 10 million inhabitants or more

150
Q

rural depopulation def

A

the fall in population of rural areas by migration or by a fall in birth rate as young people move away

151
Q

push factors in urbanisation

A 
lack of alternative jobs to farming
trend for large landowners to take back the land of their tenant farmers to grow cash crops for export
high infant mortality
natural disasters
lack of infrastructure
152
Q

pull factors in urbanisation

A

more schools, doctors and healthcare services available in the urban areas.
successful migrants encourage their extended families and other members of their rural communities to join them in the large urban area

153
Q

free market economy def

A

an economy where the government imposes few, if any restrictions on buyers and sellers

154
Q

favelas def

A

housing areas of 60 or more families in houses that often ack the basic services of running water, sewerage and electricity and the residents have no legal right to the land on which they live.

155
Q

impacts of urban growth

A

inadequatae housing
infreastructure poor
lack of affordable formal hosuing
squatter settlemtns built on inappropriate/dangerous land
poor transport infrastructure
lack of employment so many work in informal sector
high pollution

156
Q

impacts of urban growth on environment and people

A 
increased traffic congestion
increased air, water and noise pollution
destruction of agricultural land and open space
huge infrastructure costs
crowded and crumbling schools
157
Q

squatter settlements def

A

an area of makeshift hosusing that usually develops in unfavourable sites in and around a MIC or LIC city. they are also known as shanty towns or bustees

158
Q

self help schemes def

A

small-scale schemes which allow local residents to help improve their local area

159
Q

challenges of squatter settlmetns

A 
overcrowding
fires
overpopulated
competition for employment
poor sanitation and limited healthcare
lack of (open) space
lack of infrastructure
160
Q

site and service schemes

A

give people the chance to rent or buy a piece of land

161
Q

self help schemes

A

cheaper option than site and service, where people are provided with materials and tools and training to improve their homes. low-interest loans are made.

162
Q

rural investments

A

where attempts and schemes have been set up to improve the quality of life

163
Q

slum and squatter settlement clearnace

A

where authorities have tried to clear the settlements but the inhabitants have just moved elsewhere to other slum and squatter areas

164
Q

corridor of growth

A

a planned strategic corridor, usually along a major road, which allows the continued growth of an urban area - the planning of the corridor involves the provision of infrastructure such as the provision of infrastructure such as the upgrading of the road and managed open space, as well as possible business, industrial and retail and residential development adjacent to the routee

165
Q

for a country you have studied, describe the postive and negative impacts of the migration on the named country which they have left

A

mexico –> usa
legal and illegal immigrants together send $6 billion back to Mexico which is good for mexican economy
some villages (e.g. santa ines) have lost 2/3 of inhabitants due to migration to the US
only 51% of people in mexico are left in the economically active range which puts great pressure on them

166
Q

for a country you have studied, describe the push and pull factors that have resulted in migration

A

usa: 99% literary rate
mexico: 86% literary rate

usa’s average wage is 8 times more than Mexico

usa: murder rate 5
mexico: murder rate 15

167
Q

for a country you have studied, describe and explain the service provision

A

bristol: 536,000
healthcare: BRI and southmead, high order
entertainment: bristol hippodrome, tobacco factory, everyman
shopping: cabot, 120 shops and market potential of over £100 million
backwell: 4500
entertainment: backwell playhouse
education: backwell school
healthcare: tyntesfield group GP
transport: buses and nailsea and backwell train station

chew magna: 1160
post office
food: radstock co-op
transport: 672 bus

168
Q

for a named urban area you have studied, describe recent changes which ahve taken place in the central business district

A

transport: bristol bus station
pedestrianised: cabot opened in 2008 and the new pavement made customers feel safer and comfortable
multi-use: over 120 shops

169
Q

for a namead urban area you have studied, describe the effects of urban sprawl

A

land destroyed: 995 square feet
traffic congestion on the M5 and M32
economic boost to the companty that owns cribbs, recieved £616 million revenue in 2017

170
Q

for a named area you have studied, describe the hierarchy of service provision

A

bristol pop: 536,000
nailsea pop: 15,630
chew magna pop: 1160
bristol shops: topshop, trek bicycle
nailsea shops: new look, costa, pets corner
chew magna shops: radstock co-op, post office
bristol schools: BGS, QEH
nailsea schools: nailsea school
chew magna schools: chew valley school
bristol healthcare: BRI, southmead
nailsea healthcare: tower house medical centre
chew magna healthcare: -
bristol university
nailsea: -
chew magna: -
bristol sports grounds: BGS, clifton colllege
nailsea sports grounds: the grove sports centre
chew magna sports grounds chew valley leisure centre
bristol transport: bristol TM, bus station
nailsea transport: nailsea and backwell train station, first bus
chew magna transport: bus 672

171
Q

for a named urban area you have studied, describe the attempts taken to reduce the problems caused by traffic

A

bristol:
£2000 project in metrobus, carried over 2.8 million passengers in first year of launch
clean air zone exclusive to less-polluting vehicles
encouraging electric cars - source west

172
Q

for a named example you have studied of a town or city in an MEDC, describe the environmental problems which have occurred in the rural-urban fringe as a result of urban sprawl

A

air pollution:
particles from nitrogen dioxide stuck in peoples lungs, caused 5 people to die a week in bristol. ban disel cars from entering some city parts between 7am and 3pm
visual pollution:
graffitti (like 12m billboards) seen to be unsightly, £75 000 being spent on tackling graffitii by government
traffic congestion:
drivers spend 149 hours in traffic each year, 24 deaths due to road transport emissions

173
Q

for a named country you have studied, describe the problems faced living in squatter settlements

A

low hygiene and sanitation
500 people share the same toilet

widespread disease
of diptheria, typhoid. there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation

lack of resources
water rationed except 5:30 to 7:30

174
Q

explain why many people are migrating from rural areas to a named urban area you have studied

A

Nearly 30% of India’s agricultural land has become degraded due to overfarming, resulting in deserticiation and food insecurity in some rural areas.
Mumbai centre for two major railways, the central railway and the western railway.
An agricultural labourer in Gujarat is only paid an average daily wage of £1.80

175
Q

for an urban are you haev studied,, state one problem which occurs and explain its causes.

A

housing
Typical house prices more than 10 x average salary
10,000 students in bristol
Only 1300 extra affordable homes are planned to be built over the next two years

176
Q

for a named urban area you have studied, explain the characteristics of the CBD

A

high density - cabot has 120 shops
transport links - bristol bus station
pedestrianised in 2008

cambridge igcse geography (5 decks)

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