theme one Flashcards
GNI per capita is
gross national inome per person. the total value of all the goods and services a country produces (GDP) plus the net income it recives from other countries divided by the population of the country
MEDC means
more economically developed country
LEDC means
less economically developed country
LIC means
low income country
MIC means
middle income country
NIC means
newly industrialised country
GDP per capita is
gross domestic product. the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in one year divided by all the people living in that country.
birth rate
the average number of live births per 1000 people in a country per year
by 2017, a country was classified as an HIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was above
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$12,476
by 2017, a country was classified as an MIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was between
$1026 and $12,475
by 2017, a country was classified as an LIC by the world bank if its GNI per capita was below
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$1025
what is the worlds population expected to reach by 2024 (as predicted by the UN)
8 billion people
death rate is
the average number of deaths for every 1000 people in a country per year
fertility rate is
the number of live births per 1000 women of child bearing age group (aged 15-49)
sustainability definition
the ability of an area or country to continue to thrive indefinitely by maintaining both its economic viability and its natural environment, while meeting the needs of both its present and future generations by limiting the depletion of its resources.
how much of the world’s population is in asia
60%
reasons for rapid population growth 1750-1900
improvements in farming techiques
improvements in public health care
improved water supply
urbanisation is
the increase in the amount of number of people living in towns and cities, causing urban areas to grow.
susbistence agriculture is
growing enough to feed your family, with little or no extra to sell for cash
over population is
a country or region that does not have enough resources to keep all of its people at a reasonable standard of living
under population is
when there are not enough people living in a region or country to make full use of the resources at a given level of technology
factors that contributed to a reduced birth rate
access to contraception - family size could be planned
increases in wages - families were better off and no longer required their children to generate income
increased urbanisation - children were not needed as much for work as they were in rural farming families
improvement in the status and education of women
factors that contributed to a reduced death rate
improvements in health care and nutrition
a reduction in subsistence agriculture
increases in wages
causes of over population
water
food
environment
social factors that can lead to a change in population size
healthcare, lifestyle, education and migration
economic factors that can lead to a change in population size
availability of employment and wage levels which can trigger migration.
political factors that can lead to a changein population size
gov policies
civil war
natural increase is
the birth rate exceeds the death rate and the population grows
replacement level is
the average number of children born per woman at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
why has fertility rate decreased
advances in fertility treatment
rising costs in child rearing
high levels of women in education
social impacts of having a high rate of birth and natural population growth
more infant healthcare, high birth rates will require more midwives.
more primary schools will be needed
economic factors and impacts of having a high rate of birth and natural population growth
food supply will need to be increased
could lead to higher levels of employment.
increased pool of labour
increase taxation
what happens when fertility rates are below replacement level
population decline
how many people are HIV positive in africa
1 in 10 people between the ages of 15 and 49
what percentage of people in botswana are HIV positive
40%
what are six impacts of HIV and AIDS
labour supply decreased
death of parents mean many more orphaned children and the uneconomically active groups are left to care for the family
- dependency ratio
lack of education
poverty means many cannot afford treatment
infant and child mortality
deindustrialization definition
a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially in the heavy or manufacturing industry
dependency ratio definition
the ratio between the economically active, 15 - 65 years old, and the economically inactive, under 15 and over 65 years old
for a country you have studied, describe the problems caused by overpopulation.
niger:
1 of 15 sub-saharan countries to not have water.
2012: 31% of nigerian women are victims of domestic violence.
40% of people live in extreme poverty.
for a country you have studied, explain why it has a high rate of population growth
nigeria:
40% of people live in poverty
10,000 people come into lagos a week
fertility rate is 5.53
for a country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by underpopulation
australia:
predicted 2.3 million worker shortage by 2030
high taxes of $18,200
not many services, some have to commute long distances up to 1000km.
for a country you have studied, evaluate the success of it’s population policy
china (1979-2015)
115 men to 100 women
4:2:1 ratio of grandparents: parents: children
400 million births prevented
for a country you have studied, explain why it has a low rate of population growth
russia
career focussed women: total fertility rate 1.8
life expectancy 72
500,000 deaths a year due to alcohol consumption
for a country you have studied, describe the problems caused by an ageing population
china
4:2:1 ratio of grandparents: parents: children
small economically active, 12% are above 65 years of age
more pressure on public services, 300 million chronic patients, half of which are over 65.
for a country you have studied, explain why it has a high population density
nigeria:
40% in poverty (children to work)
10,000 people come into lagos a week
fertility rate of 5.53% (lack of contraception and uneducated women)
for a country you have studied, explain why it has a low population density
russia
career focussed women, total fertility rate of 1.8
only 240,000 immigrants a year
life expectancy of 72
for a country you have studied, describe the impacts of HIV/AIDS
botswana:
49-54% of deaths to do with HIV/AIDS, strain on healthcare services
GDP to fall 22% a year
120,000 orphans - dependency ratio
quality of life def
the general well being of indiviuals and societies, outlining negative an dpositive features of life, including a persons family, income, and access to services
anti-natalist policies def
these aim to lower birth rates and encourage lower fertilty rates
pro-natalist policies def
tese aim to encourage higher fertility rates and so increase birth rates
carrying capacity def
the amount of resources in a country necessary to support the population
what might population control include
increasing access to contraceptin abstinence increasing access to abortion educating women on fmily planning improving health care to decrease infant/child mortality so that the need for many children is reduced decreasing immigration increasing emigration advertising campaigns highlighting the bonuses of a smaller family
actions a country can take with an anti-natalist policy
providing free contraception
legalising abortion
laws to limit family size
encouraging education of women
migrant labour def
people who move to a country to work
emigrant def
a person who moves out of one country to go to live in another country
immigrant def
a person who moves into a country in order to live there
push factors def
factors that cause people to move/migratae away from an area
pull factors def
factors that attract people to an area
migration push factors
natural disasters high unemployment war poverty due to low incomes lack of healthcare crop failure land shortages housing shortages lack of safety/high crimes
migration pull factors
higher employment higher incomes availability of food higher standard of living better ehalthcare better housing and education opportunities greater political stability more attractive living environment less crime
voluntary migrantions are
often for economic reasons as people look for employment or for improved income.
involuntary migrantions are
(sometimes referred to as forced migrations) may be as a result of environmental disasters or wars that have political or religious cause.
refugees are
people who have been forced to leagve their homes because of war or natural disaster.
impacts of rural-urban migration on the rural areas
rural areas become depopulation so crop yield and food production decreases.
family burden on the partner left behind
impacts of rural-urban migration on the urban areas
not enough housing might lead to squatter settlements.
rural-urban migration def
the movement of people from rural to urban areas
standard of living def
the factors that affect a persons quality of life and which can be measured; many measures to do with a persons standard of living are to do with material possessions
urbanisation def
the increase in the number of people living towns and cities, causing them to grow
voluntary migration def
a migrant chooses to leave their country or region
involuntary (forced) migration def
where a migrant has no choice and has to leave their country or a region
refugee def
a person who has been forced to escape war, a natural disaster or persecution but who does not have another ocuntry to go to
squatter settlement def
an area of makeshift housing that usually develops in unfavourable sites in and around a city also known as ‘shanty’ towns, favelas, or bustees depending on their location
impacts of urban-rural migration
older inner city areas become depopulated - doughnut effect
lack of tax revenue so services decline, rural areas have to m make more housing
counter urbanisation def
the process bywhich an increasing number of people within a country live in the countryside instead of in towns and cities. this could be the result of natural increase in population and/or migration
doughnut effect def
the migration of people from the central parts of cities to the outer suburbs to live and work
economic migrant def
a person who emigrates from one country to another to seek an improvement in their standard of living (the UN uses the term ‘migrant worker’)
remittance def
transfer of money by a foreign worker to their home country
effects of migration on migrants themselves
lack of qualifications - unskilled low paid jobs
language barrier - exploitation by businesses
higher living costs - unable to buy homes and have to live in poor overcrowded conditions
discrimination - lack of safety
migrants may have entered country illegally - fear of arrest
population structure def
a term used to describe the structure/composition/make up of a population in a country or region
population pyramid def
a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population
sex ration def
the ratio of males to females in a population
economically active def
the 15-65 age grou
economically inactive def
the age groups below 15 and above 65 who are dependent on the economically active age group
dependency ratio def
the ratio between the economically active and inactive groups
what is the global natural sex ratio
106 males for every 100 females
effects of an ageing population
fall in total population labour shortages increased spending on medical services for the elderly the under use and closure of schools more people require a pension for longer
effects of rapid population growth
not enough resources to supply a larger population
lack of work
inadequate food supplies
poor access to education and health care
overcrowded housing/lack of space
lack of housing leading to the development of squatter settlements
increased traffic congestion
inadequate clean water supply and sewage disposal
increased pollution
population density =
total area (km)
population density def
the number of people per square kilometre
population distribution def
the pattern of where people live
physical factors involve
differneces in the natural environment
human factors are
a result of himan activities, may be economic, political or social/cultural
physical factors affecting population density and distibution
climate water supply soils/fertility of the soil relief natural resources
where do areas of high population density tend to be
in temperate areas where there are not extremes of temperatures
natural resources def
any natural resource fromw ater and soil, to wind and minerals (broadest sense)
cumulative causation def
certain things will result (be caused) when a group of factors combines (accumulate)
human factors affecting population density and distibution
economic factors: transport/money
political factors
social factors and cultural factors
someitmes large urban areas frow up in places which would otherwide be sparsely populated, e.g.
around an oasis in the desert, near rivers,
mining settlements,
tourist destinations,
route centres/junctions
market towns
sheltered, fertile valley in highland area
census def
a procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population; it is a regularly occurring, official count of a particular population
hydro-electric power def
electricity generated by using moving water to turn turbines.
dispersed settlement
where indiviual buildings are spread out across a landscape
nucleated settlement
circular in shape with the buildings mostly concentrated around a route centre
linear settlement
where a settlement occurs along either side of a road and looks like a long line
site def
the area of land actually covered by the buildings in a settlement
topographic map def
a detailed and quantitave representation fo relief - the height and shape of land, usually using contour lines
situation def
a description of a settlement in relation to the other settlements and physical features that surround it
settlement function def
the term given to the functions that take place in a settlement, e.g. tourist resort or market town
physical factors that influence growth of a settlement
flat or gently sloping land that was easy to build on
good defence site
a wet point site to be near a reliable source of water
a dry point site to avoid flooding
fertile land for growing food
sheltered site
good transport links
after siting ad building, many settlements have continued to grow and expand in size because they also provide good sites for industry and factories to locate. for example
large river nearby
relatively cheap
near excellent transport routes
nearby work/labour force
settlement hierachy def
a way of arranging settlments into rank order based upon their population or some other criteria.
service hierachy def
settlements can be ranked according to the type of services they provide, such as in healthcare or education. a high order settlement may have large hospitals; while a low order settlement have a small health centre.
convience goods def
goods that people need to buy perhaps two to three times a week such as water, vegetables, fruit, milk and newspapers.
sphere of influence def
the area surrounding a settlement that is affected by the settlements activities
a city or high order settlement will have many high order services like…
retailing, leisure (cinemas etc) educational institutions medical facilities financial and insurance services estate agents large supermarkets for weekly shopping
a village will only have low order services such as
a small grocery shop
post office
what does a settlement;s size of sphere of influence depend on
the number and type of services it provides
transport facilites available to the settlement
the level of competition from surrounding settlements
range def
the maximum distance people are prepared to travek to purchase a service or product.
threshold population def
the minimum number of people necessary before a particular good or service can be provided in an area.
central business district def
the main commercil and shopping area of a town or city
inequality def
the extreme differences that exist within many urban areas in poverty and wealth, access to employment opportunities or access to services such as healthcare and housing provision
features of a typical CBD
high cost of land high rise buildings few houses/residence lack of open space transport focus
what are the hoyt and burgess models
models that show land use: the CBD factories/indsutry working class housing middle class housing commuter zone/high class housing
rural urban fringe def
where the urban area meets the rural countryside at the edge of a town or city
regeneration scheme def
the use of public money to reverse the decline of a city or town by improving both the physical structure and the economy of those areas by encouraging private investment
reurbanisation def
the movement of people back into an area thta has been previously re-abandoned
brownfield site def
land that was previously used for either industrial purposes or some commercial uses
gentrification def
renovation and revival of deteriorated urban area to attract more affluent residents
urban sprawl def
the expansion of an urban area away from the central urban areas into low-density and often car-dependent communitites on the edge of existing urban areas
green belts def
areas of land surroudning an urban city area where any new housing or industrial development was tobe stopped or severly restricted
footloose business def
business that are not tied to a paticular location
greenfield site def
an area of underdeveloped land, often being used for agricultural needs, amenity or forest use, or some other undeveloped site that has been identified for commercial development or industrial projects
counter-urbanisation def
when large numbers of people move from urban areas into the surrounding countryside or rural areas
surbanised villages def
villages which have adopted some of the characteristics of urban areas
communter hinterland def
the rural area around large urban areas/cities that are economically active tied to the urban area
reasons for redevelopment at rural urban fringe
land much cheaper less traffic congestion room to expand the development in the future larger area for car parking less pollution
what do surbanbised villages provide
houses with a modern design and amenities space to park cars easy access to local services relatively low cost gardens/space low air pollution close proximity to workplaces good public transport
cause of traffic congestion
inadequate road infrastructure to meet the number of vehicles using the road network
cause of housing shortages and overcrowding
lack of both public and private housing as a result of inadequate planning
cause of unemployment
urban economy failing to expand to provide employment for the expanding urban population, especially where rural-urban migration is taking place
cause of deprivation
lack of employment and education opportunites
cause of pollution - air water noise
lack of environmental pollution laws and regualtions
possible solution to traffic congestion
increase public transport and provision of it (buses, trains, trams and light railways)
possible solution to housing shortages
planned urban housing expanison
possible solution to unemploymnetq
increase employment opportunities by expanding school and training facilitites
possible solution to deprivation
increase educational opportunities by expanding schools and better training facilities
posible solution to pollution - air, water, noise
provide better water and sewage facilities and enforce stricter environmental pollution controls
urbanisation def
the process by which an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities instead of the countryside. result of natual increase and/or migration
implications of rapid and unplanned urban gwoth
threatens the sustainable development of many urban areas when the necessary infrastructure is not developed or when policies are not implemented to ensure the benefits of life are equally shared
mega cities def
cities with 10 million inhabitants or more
rural depopulation def
the fall in population of rural areas by migration or by a fall in birth rate as young people move away
push factors in urbanisation
lack of alternative jobs to farming trend for large landowners to take back the land of their tenant farmers to grow cash crops for export high infant mortality natural disasters lack of infrastructure
pull factors in urbanisation
more schools, doctors and healthcare services available in the urban areas.
successful migrants encourage their extended families and other members of their rural communities to join them in the large urban area
free market economy def
an economy where the government imposes few, if any restrictions on buyers and sellers
favelas def
housing areas of 60 or more families in houses that often ack the basic services of running water, sewerage and electricity and the residents have no legal right to the land on which they live.
impacts of urban growth
inadequatae housing
infreastructure poor
lack of affordable formal hosuing
squatter settlemtns built on inappropriate/dangerous land
poor transport infrastructure
lack of employment so many work in informal sector
high pollution
impacts of urban growth on environment and people
increased traffic congestion increased air, water and noise pollution destruction of agricultural land and open space huge infrastructure costs crowded and crumbling schools
squatter settlements def
an area of makeshift hosusing that usually develops in unfavourable sites in and around a MIC or LIC city. they are also known as shanty towns or bustees
self help schemes def
small-scale schemes which allow local residents to help improve their local area
challenges of squatter settlmetns
overcrowding fires overpopulated competition for employment poor sanitation and limited healthcare lack of (open) space lack of infrastructure
site and service schemes
give people the chance to rent or buy a piece of land
self help schemes
cheaper option than site and service, where people are provided with materials and tools and training to improve their homes. low-interest loans are made.
rural investments
where attempts and schemes have been set up to improve the quality of life
slum and squatter settlement clearnace
where authorities have tried to clear the settlements but the inhabitants have just moved elsewhere to other slum and squatter areas
corridor of growth
a planned strategic corridor, usually along a major road, which allows the continued growth of an urban area - the planning of the corridor involves the provision of infrastructure such as the provision of infrastructure such as the upgrading of the road and managed open space, as well as possible business, industrial and retail and residential development adjacent to the routee
for a country you have studied, describe the postive and negative impacts of the migration on the named country which they have left
mexico –> usa
legal and illegal immigrants together send $6 billion back to Mexico which is good for mexican economy
some villages (e.g. santa ines) have lost 2/3 of inhabitants due to migration to the US
only 51% of people in mexico are left in the economically active range which puts great pressure on them
for a country you have studied, describe the push and pull factors that have resulted in migration
usa: 99% literary rate
mexico: 86% literary rate
usa’s average wage is 8 times more than Mexico
usa: murder rate 5
mexico: murder rate 15
for a country you have studied, describe and explain the service provision
bristol: 536,000
healthcare: BRI and southmead, high order
entertainment: bristol hippodrome, tobacco factory, everyman
shopping: cabot, 120 shops and market potential of over £100 million
backwell: 4500
entertainment: backwell playhouse
education: backwell school
healthcare: tyntesfield group GP
transport: buses and nailsea and backwell train station
chew magna: 1160
post office
food: radstock co-op
transport: 672 bus
for a named urban area you have studied, describe recent changes which ahve taken place in the central business district
transport: bristol bus station
pedestrianised: cabot opened in 2008 and the new pavement made customers feel safer and comfortable
multi-use: over 120 shops
for a namead urban area you have studied, describe the effects of urban sprawl
land destroyed: 995 square feet
traffic congestion on the M5 and M32
economic boost to the companty that owns cribbs, recieved £616 million revenue in 2017
for a named area you have studied, describe the hierarchy of service provision
bristol pop: 536,000
nailsea pop: 15,630
chew magna pop: 1160
bristol shops: topshop, trek bicycle
nailsea shops: new look, costa, pets corner
chew magna shops: radstock co-op, post office
bristol schools: BGS, QEH
nailsea schools: nailsea school
chew magna schools: chew valley school
bristol healthcare: BRI, southmead
nailsea healthcare: tower house medical centre
chew magna healthcare: -
bristol university
nailsea: -
chew magna: -
bristol sports grounds: BGS, clifton colllege
nailsea sports grounds: the grove sports centre
chew magna sports grounds chew valley leisure centre
bristol transport: bristol TM, bus station
nailsea transport: nailsea and backwell train station, first bus
chew magna transport: bus 672
for a named urban area you have studied, describe the attempts taken to reduce the problems caused by traffic
bristol:
£2000 project in metrobus, carried over 2.8 million passengers in first year of launch
clean air zone exclusive to less-polluting vehicles
encouraging electric cars - source west
for a named example you have studied of a town or city in an MEDC, describe the environmental problems which have occurred in the rural-urban fringe as a result of urban sprawl
air pollution:
particles from nitrogen dioxide stuck in peoples lungs, caused 5 people to die a week in bristol. ban disel cars from entering some city parts between 7am and 3pm
visual pollution:
graffitti (like 12m billboards) seen to be unsightly, £75 000 being spent on tackling graffitii by government
traffic congestion:
drivers spend 149 hours in traffic each year, 24 deaths due to road transport emissions
for a named country you have studied, describe the problems faced living in squatter settlements
low hygiene and sanitation
500 people share the same toilet
widespread disease
of diptheria, typhoid. there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation
lack of resources
water rationed except 5:30 to 7:30
explain why many people are migrating from rural areas to a named urban area you have studied
Nearly 30% of India’s agricultural land has become degraded due to overfarming, resulting in deserticiation and food insecurity in some rural areas.
Mumbai centre for two major railways, the central railway and the western railway.
An agricultural labourer in Gujarat is only paid an average daily wage of £1.80
for an urban are you haev studied,, state one problem which occurs and explain its causes.
housing
Typical house prices more than 10 x average salary
10,000 students in bristol
Only 1300 extra affordable homes are planned to be built over the next two years
for a named urban area you have studied, explain the characteristics of the CBD
high density - cabot has 120 shops
transport links - bristol bus station
pedestrianised in 2008
