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cambridge igcse geography > summer assessment 2: settlement, plate tectonics, energy/development > Flashcards

summer assessment 2: settlement, plate tectonics, energy/development Flashcards

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1
Q

dispersed settlement

A

where individual buildings are spread out across a landscape

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2
Q

linear settlement:

A

where a settlement occurs along either side of a road and looks like a long line

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3
Q

nucleated settlement:

A

circular in shape with the buildings mostly concentrated around a route centre

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4
Q

site def

A

the area of land actually covered by the buildings in a settlement

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5
Q

topographic map def

A

a detailed and quantitative representation of relief - the height and shape of the land, usually using contour lines

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6
Q

situation def

A

a description of a settlement on relation to the other settlements and physical features that surround it

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7
Q

settlement function def

A

the term given to the functions that take place in a settlemen.

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8
Q

situation

A

the settlement in relation to the surrounding area, the size and functions of surrounding settlments, the presence of large physical features such as valleys and hills, and access to natural resources cuh as fertile soils, fuel, minerals and route ways.

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9
Q

main factors affecting growth and functions of settlement:

A 
flat or gently sloping land
a good defence site
a wer point for water supply
dry point to avoid flooding
having building materials nearby
supply of fuel
fertile land
a sheltered site
good transport links
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10
Q

factors affecting growth of ports:

A 
deep water estuary
deep water anchorage
a sheltered anchorage
access to important sea routes
a large hinterland
well developed communications
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11
Q

factors affecting growth of industy and factories

A

large river supplies water
cheap, flat land
near excellent transport toures, rivers, railways, air
nearby labour force

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12
Q

settlement hierachy def

A

a way of arranging settlements into rank order based upon their population or some other criteria

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13
Q

service hierachy def

A

settlements can be ranked according to the type of service they provide, such as in health care or education.

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14
Q

convenience goods def

A

goods that people need to buy perhaps two or three times a week such as water, vegetables, fruit, milk and newspapers.

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15
Q

sphere of influence def

A

the area surrounding a settlement that is affected by the settlement’s activities.

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16
Q

factors that affect spheres of influence

A

number and type of services
transport facilities available to the settlement
level of competition from surrounding settlements

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17
Q

advantages of high order settlements over low order

A

larger range due to higher order services and comparison goods and better quality
offer more shops/wider variety/cheaper prices

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18
Q

c1: transport in bristol

A

bristol bus station

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19
Q

c1: services in bristol

A

it;s multiuse, so education (BGS,QEH), entertainment (Hippodrome) and healthcare (southmead)

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20
Q

c1: shopping in bristol

A

cabot circus has 120 shops. st nicohlas market. VERY wide range of supermarkets

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21
Q

c2: settlement provision in a high order settlement, bristol

A

bristol pop: 536,000
bristol shops: topshop, trek bicycle
bristol schools: BGS, QEH
bristol healthcare: BRI, southmead
bristol university
bristol sports grounds: BGS, clifton colllege
bristol transport: bristol TM, bus station

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22
Q

c2: settlement provision in a medium order settlement, nailsea

A

nailsea pop: 15,630
nailsea shops: new look, costa, pets corner
nailsea schools: nailsea school
nailsea healthcare: tower house medical centre
nailsea transport: nailsea and backwell train station, first bus
nailsea sports grounds: the grove sports centre

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23
Q

c3: settlement provision in a low order settlement, chew magna

A

chew magna pop: 1160
chew magna shops: radstock co-op, post office
chew magna schools: chew valley school
chew magna sports grounds chew valley leisure centre
chew magna transport: bus 672

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24
Q

a typical CBD will have these features

A 
high cost of land
high rise buildings
few houses/residences
a lack of open space
a transport focus
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25
Q

CBD def

A

the main commercial and shopping area of a town or city

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26
Q

inequality def

A

the extreme differences that exist within many urban areas in poverty and wealth, access to employment opportunities or access to services such as healthcare and housing provision

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27
Q

rural-urban fringe def

A

where the urban area meets the rural countryside at the edge of a town or city

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28
Q

examples of reurbanisation

A

pedestrian zones
redevelopments on brownfield sites
gentrification

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29
Q

social adv to improved housing over new flats

A

high est. community spirit
people cannot afford to move to a costly new house
area will already have convienent services
cheaper option for the lcoal gov
helps to restrict the outward expanion
minimises disruptuion

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30
Q

regeneration scheme def

A

the use of public money to reverse the decline of a city or town by improving both the physical structure and the economy of those areas by encouraging private investment

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31
Q

reurbanisation def

A

the movement of people back into an area thta has been previously re-abandoned

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32
Q

brownfield site def

A

land that was previously used for either industrial purposes or some commercial uses

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33
Q

gentrification def

A

renovation and revival of deteriorated urban area to attract more affluent residents

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34
Q

urban sprawl def

A

the expansion of an urban area away from the central urban areas into low-density and often car-dependent communitites on the edge of existing urban areas

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35
Q

green belts def

A

areas of land surroudning an urban city area where any new housing or industrial development was tobe stopped or severly restricted

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36
Q

footloose business def

A

business that are not tied to a paticular location

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37
Q

greenfield site def

A

an area of underdeveloped land, often being used for agricultural needs, amenity or forest use, or some other undeveloped site that has been identified for commercial development or industrial projects

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38
Q

counter urbanisation def

A

when large numbers of people move from urban areas into the surrounding countryside or rural areas

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39
Q

surbanised villages def

A

villages which have adopted some of the characteristics of urban areas

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40
Q

commuter hinterland def

A

the rural area around large urban areas/cities that are economically active tied to the urban area

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41
Q

reasons for developments at the rural-urban fringe

A 
land cheaper
much less traffic congestion
room to expand in future
larger area for parking
less pollution
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42
Q

reasons for counter urbanisation

A 
houses withmodern design
space for parking
quite easy access to local services
quite low cost compared
gardens/space/close to open space
no air pollution
close proximity to their workplaces 
good public transport
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43
Q

causes of traffic congestion

A

inadequate road infrastructure to meet the number of vehicles using the road network

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44
Q

causes of housing shortages

A

lack of both public and private housing as a result of inadequate planning

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45
Q

causes of unemployment

A

urban economy failing to expand to provide employment for the expanding urban population, especially where rural-urban migration is taking place

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46
Q

causes of deprivation

A

lack of employment and education opportunites

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47
Q

causes of pollution

A

lack of environmental pollution laws and regualtions

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48
Q

possible solution to traffic congestion

A

increase public transport and provision of it (buses, trains, trams and light railways)

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49
Q

possible solution to housing shortages

A

planned urban housing expanison

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50
Q

possible solution to unemploymnetq

A

increase employment opportunities by expanding school and training facilitites

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51
Q

possible solution to deprivation

A

increase educational opportunities by expanding schools and better training facilities

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52
Q

possible solution to pollution - air, water, noise

A

provide better water and sewage facilities and enforce stricter environmental pollution controls

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53
Q

c2: traffic problems

A

bristol:
£2000 project in metrobus, carried over 2.8 million passengers in first year of launch
clean air zone exclusive to less-polluting vehicles
encouraging electric cars - source west

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54
Q

c2: environmental problems

A

air pollution:
particles from nitrogen dioxide stuck in peoples lungs, caused 5 people to die a week in bristol. ban disel cars from entering some city parts between 7am and 3pm
visual pollution:
graffitti (like 12m billboards) seen to be unsightly, £75 000 being spent on tackling graffitii by government
traffic congestion:
drivers spend 149 hours in traffic each year, 24 deaths due to road transport emissions

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55
Q

c2: housing shortages

A

Typical house prices more than 10 x average salary
10,000 students in bristol
Only 1300 extra affordable homes are planned to be built over the next two years

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56
Q

urbanisation def

A

the process by which an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities instead of the countryside

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57
Q

implications of rapid and unplaned urban growth

A 
inequality
services will be inadequate
pollution
environmental degradation
unsustabinable production
levels of consumption
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58
Q

mega-cities def

A

cities with 10 million inhabitants or more

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59
Q

rural depopulation def

A

the fall in population of rural areas by migration or by a fall in birth rate as young people move away

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60
Q

push factors

A

cause people to move away

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61
Q

pull factors

A

cause people to move from rural areas to urban areas

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62
Q

examples of push factors

A 
lack of alternative jobs to farming
trend for large landowners to take back the land of their tenant farmers to grow cash crops for export
high infant mortality
natural disasters
lack of infrastructure
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63
Q

examples of pull factors

A

more schools, doctors and healthcare services available in the urban areas.
successful migrants encourage their extended families and other members of their rural communities to join them in the large urban area

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64
Q

causes of rapid urban growth

A

a natural increase in population

migration to urban areas

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65
Q

free market economy def

A

an economy where the government imposes few, if any restrictions on buyers and sellers

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66
Q

favelas def

A

housing areas of 60 or more families in houses that often ack the basic services of running water, sewerage and electricity and the residents have no legal right to the land on which they live.

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67
Q

inpacts of rapid urban growth

A

inadequatae housing
infreastructure poor
lack of affordable formal hosuing
squatter settlemtns built on inappropriate/dangerous land
poor transport infrastructure
lack of employment so many work in informal sector
high pollution

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68
Q

effects of urbanisation on the people and environment

A 
increased traffic congestion
increased air, water and noise pollution
destruction of agricultural land and open space
huge infrastructure costs
crowded and crumbling schools
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69
Q

squatter settlements def

A

an area of makeshift hosusing that usually develops in unfavourable sites in and around a MIC or LIC city. they are also known as shanty towns or bustees

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70
Q

self help schemes def

A

small-scale schemes which allow local residents to help improve their local area

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71
Q

challenges of squatter settlmetns

A 
overcrowding
fires
overpopulated
competition for employment
poor sanitation and limited healthcare
lack of (open) space
lack of infrastructure
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72
Q

site and service schemes

A

give people the chance to rent or buy a piece of land

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73
Q

self help schemes

A

cheaper option than site and service, where people are provided with materials and tools and training to improve their homes. low-interest loans are made.

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74
Q

rural investments

A

where attempts and schemes have been set up to improve the quality of life

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75
Q

c3: problems in squatter settlements

A

low hygiene and sanitation
500 people share the same toilet

widespread disease
of diptheria, typhoid. there are over 4000 cases of disease related to poor sanitation

lack of resources
water rationed except 5:30 to 7:30

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76
Q

c3 causes of urban growth

A

Nearly 30% of India’s agricultural land has become degraded due to overfarming, resulting in deserticiation and food insecurity in some rural areas.
Mumbai centre for two major railways, the central railway and the western railway.
An agricultural labourer in Gujarat is only paid an average daily wage of £1.80

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77
Q

volcano def

A

cone shaped mountain formed by eruptions of lava at the surface of the earth

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78
Q

crater def

A

a depression on the surface of a volcano, formed by volcanic activity, often circular in shape with steep sides

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79
Q

vent def

A

the natural pipe or fissure that links the magma chamber to the crater or opening on the earths surface through which lava, ash and gases flow

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80
Q

lava def

A

magma that has escaped from beneath the earth’s crust and has flowed onto the surface

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81
Q

tectonic plates def

A

huge pieces of the earth’s crust that float and move on top of the much denser mantle below them

82
Q

constructive/divergent plate boundary def

A

where two plates apart, allowing magma to come to the surface as lava.

83
Q

magma def

A

molten rock found beneath the earths crust

84
Q

constructive/divergent plate boundary

A

when two plates move away from eachother

85
Q

how do volcanoes form on a constructive plate boundary

A

when the plates move away from eachother, a line of weakess is created.
molten magma emerges through the gap.
when magma appears on the earths surface, it is called lava.
the lava solidifes to form a volcano

86
Q

destructive/convergent plate boundary

A

when two plates move towards eachother, where a heavier, denser oceanic plate moves down under a less heavy continental plate (subduction).

87
Q

how do volcanoes form on a destructive plate boundary

A

friction and intense heating takes place, which results in the destruction of the oceanic plate (which was forced downwards) , causing the rocks in the plate to melt and turn into molten magma. the build up of magma creates enormous pressures on the crust above it and the magma rises through lines of weakness to emerge on the surface of the earth. the lava then solidifies to form a volcano.

88
Q

magma chamber def

A

a large natural underground chamber of magma found within the surface of the earth beneath a volcano

89
Q

hot spot def

A

a central part of the earths crust where plumes of magma rise to the surface

90
Q

subduction def

A

when one plate sinks below another

91
Q

how can magma leave a volcano

A 
volcanic bombs (fragments of molten rock)
very fine ash (fragments of pulverised solid lava)
92
Q

pyroclastic flows:

A

clouds of very hot, poisonous gases mixed with ash that flow down the sides of volcanoes up to 200km/hour

93
Q

lahars:

A

melted snow and ice from the top of the volcano combined with rainwater, which mixes with ash and runs off the volcano, flooding valleys and flatter areas surrounding the volcano with mud

94
Q

earthquakes:

A

as the magma moves upwards, the enormous pressure on the crust reaches breaking point, causing violent shaking

95
Q

what can eruptions be accompanied by

A

pyroclastic flows
lahars
earthquakes

96
Q

composite or strato volvanoes

A

these are made from alternating layers of lava and ash as both come out of the vent during an eruption. they form on destructive plate boundaries where oceanic crust has melted as it is subducted. the lava forces its way up through the crust and emerges in a violent explosion.

97
Q

shield volcanoes

A

these are made from lava and form on constructive plate boundaries or at hot spots. they form large volcanoes, with gently sloping sides, sometimes hundreds of kilometres across because the lava is alkaline and very runny and travels a long way on the surface before cooling and solidifying.

98
Q

dome volcanoes:

A

these are also made from lava but the lava is acid and does not flow very far before becoming solid, and so these volcanoes are steep-sided and high.

99
Q

what is an active volcano

A

one that has recently erupted and is likely to erupt again.

100
Q

what is a dormant volcano

A

one that has erupted in the last 2000 years and may possibly erupt again.

101
Q

what is an extinct volcano

A

one that has long since finished erupting and has cooled down.

102
Q

earthquake def

A

a sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earths crust, which is felt at the surface.

103
Q

fault line def

A

a fracture or break in the earth’s surface along which rocks have moved alongside each other

104
Q

focus def

A

a fracture or break in the earths surface along which rocks have moved alongside each other

105
Q

conservative plate boundary def

A

where two plates are sliding alongside eachother

106
Q

epicentre def

A

the location on the surface of the earth above the focus or origin of the earthquake

107
Q

what measures the size of an earthquake

A

seisometer

108
Q

what are the two scales to map earthquakes

A

moment magnitude scale (richter scale)

mercalli scale

109
Q

tsunami def

A

powerful, devastating waves at the coast caused by an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption that displaces the water lying above it.

110
Q

seisometer def

A

an instrument that measures movement of the ground, including the seismic waves generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

111
Q

seismic waves def

A

waves of energy that travel through the earths layers as a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movements and large landslides.

112
Q

moment magnitude/richter scale

A

numerical scales showing the size or magnitude of an earthquake based on readings from the seisometer

113
Q

mercalli scale

A

a scale showing the effect of an earthquake on the earths surface (largely subjective interpreations of the physical damage caused by an earthquake)

114
Q

aftershock is

A

an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake. formed as the earths crust around a fault adjusts to the effects of the main shock

115
Q

layers of the earth

A

crust
mantle
outer core
inner core

116
Q

inner core

A

solid and extremely dense rocks.

117
Q

outer core

A

dense, semi-molten metal

118
Q

mantle

A

semi-monlten, less dense layer

119
Q

crust

A

varies in thickness.

could be oceanic or continental

120
Q

oceanic crust

A

relatively thin crust
younger
heavier
continually being formed and destroyed

121
Q

continental crust

A

relatively thick
older
lighter
cannot be destroyed

122
Q

destructive/convergent plate boundaries are found

A

where plates made of heavier oceanic crust move towards plates made of lighter continental crust and forms a subduction zone

123
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary after the formation of a subduction zone

A

the oceanic crust sinks deeper and melts and forms magma. this may rise to the surface and emerge as lava it forms very explosive volcanoes.

124
Q

what happens when a subduction zone forms in the ocean

A

a line of volcanic islands called island arcs forms.

125
Q

conservative plate boundaries are found

A

where plates slide past eachother

126
Q

what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A

sometimes they become locked together and pressure builds up until they tear apart, along a fault line. these movements can produce very powerful earthquakes.

127
Q

collision plate boundaries are found

A

where two continental plates converge/move towards eachother.

128
Q

what happens at a collision plate boundary

A

these lighter plates are not dense enough to sink into the mantle. as the plates collide, they fold up and form fold mounatins. these collisions can produce powerful earthquakes.

129
Q

what are primary effects

A

these occur as a direct result of the earthquake or eruption, such as buildings collapsing due to the ground shaking or loss of life due to pyroclastic flows

130
Q

what are secondary effects

A

these occur as a result of the primary effects, such as the impact of tsunamis, fires caused by ruptured gas mains or higher insurance premiums

131
Q

impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes on people

A 
loss of life
cutting of basic necessities
collapse of buildings
road, railway and bridge damage
loss of crops
fish killed
spread of disease
loss of jobs and businesses
higher insuranc epremiums
132
Q

amount of damage caused by earthquakes depends on

A 
strength of intital earthquake
depth of earthquake
distance from epicentre
geology of rocks in the area
building construction materials and designs
space between builidngs 
number of storys
density of population 
time of day
secondary hazards
contamination
133
Q

subduction zone def

A

the zone where one tectonic palte sinks under another

134
Q

island arc def

A

a chain of volcanic islands isolated above a subduction zone at a tectonic plate boundary

135
Q

tephra def

A

rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption

136
Q

fumarole def

A

an opening in or near a volcano through which gase,s such as sulphur dioxide are emitted

137
Q

opportunities provided by volcanoes

A 
fertile soils
people can obtain geothermal enrgy for heating and electricity
provides reaw materilas like ores
attracts tourists
close to friends and family
138
Q

reuducing the impact of earthquakes and volcanoes

A 
improved technology (and use of historical data can improve prediction and forecasting of earthquakes and volcanoes)
mapping of high risk areas (so not built on)
improved building design and materials (so buildings dont collapse)
ensuring that adequate emergency drills and procedures are in place (stockpiling etc)
139
Q

how to predict volcanic eruptions

A 
seismometers
tilt meters 
thermometers
gas sensoros
satellites
140
Q

c4: nepal impacts

A

nepal: 7.8 magnitude, april 2015, major fault line under indian plate under eurasion plate
9000 died
9000 schools destroyed
damages from $5 billion to $10 billion

141
Q

c5: eyjafjallajokull impacts

A

eyjafjallajokull: 500m fissure, dissolved gases in molten rock along with steam generated from melting ice caused a large column of volcanic ash
airlines lost £130 million / day
Nissan forced to stop production because they could not import parts from ireland
major flood in iceland - 700 people forced to evacuate

142
Q

c5: why people live close to eyjafjallajokull

A

fertile soil - (volcanic eruptions deposit the necessary minerals for a steady supply of nutrients) 1/5 of total are of iceland suitable for fodder production
tourism - eyjafjallajokull visitor centre
energy - nearly 100% from geothermal

143
Q

c5: effects of eyjafjallajokull

A

700 to evacuate due to flood
ash fall poisoned animals in nearby fields
7km of volcanic ash plumes

144
Q

c5: causes of eyjafjalljokull

A

North american and eurasion plate
The two plates are moving apart (constructive) due to ridge push along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As the plates move apart, magma fills the magma chamber below Eyjafjallajokull.

145
Q

c4: nepal causes

A

caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress.
Indian Plate is diving underneath the Eurasian Plate.
magnitude of 8.1

146
Q

development gap

A

the differences between the most and least advanced countries - HIC’s and LIC’s

147
Q

north-south divide

A

a socio-economic and political divide between the north and the south

148
Q

development def

A

process of change which alllows all the basic needs of a country or region to be met, thereby achieveing greater social justice and quality of life

149
Q

measures of development

A 
economically using GNP, GDP or GNI per caita.
social indicators (health, literacy/education/wellbeing) 
political factors (personal freedom, freedom of speech, right to vote, freedom from discrimination and the role of disadvantaged groups in the society
150
Q

what is multivariate analysis

A

measurement of a range of development variables (not just economic). used for qualitative variables that are harder to compare.

151
Q

HDI

A

longetivity - life expectancy
knowledge - adult literacy rate and enrolment ratios of students in primary school throught to university level
income -

152
Q

purchasing power parity (PPP)

A

gdp per person adjusted for local cost of living

153
Q

trade blocs def

A

groups of countries form economic agreements and unions

154
Q

what affects quality of life

A

social factors; health, literacy/education, well being
physical factors; personal freedom, freedom of speech, right to cote, freedom from discrimination and role of disadvantaged groups in society,

155
Q

HDI consists of

A

longetivity (health)
knowledge (education and literacy)
income

156
Q

limitations of HDI

A

partially politically motivated to focus on health and development
only 3 factors
it can hide huge regional disparities
its relative not absolute

157
Q

multidimensional poverty index

A

uses different fators to determine the levels of poverty and allows comparisons across countries, regions and the world, and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location.

158
Q

factors that contribute to development gap (6)

A 
location and physical environment
size of country in area
climate
economic policies
political stability
population policies
159
Q

formal secctor def

A

encompassing all jobs with normal hours and regualar wages, on which income tax must be paid.

160
Q

informal sector def

A

encompassing all jobs which are not recognised as normal income sources and on which taxes are not paid.

161
Q

classifications of production

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

162
Q

employment structure def

A

the percentage of workers in the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors in a country

163
Q

transnatioonal corporation def

A

global corportations, companies or businesses with their headquarters and research development activities in one country and their factories and/or production centres in other countries.

164
Q

economic globalisation

A

largely caused by the growth of transnational coorportations

165
Q

cultural globalisation

A

impact of western culture/art/media/sport/leisure activities

166
Q

political globalisation

A

growth of western democracies and their influence on other countries

167
Q

global shift def

A

where production processes are relocated from HIC’s to MIC’s and LIC’s

168
Q

multiplier effect

A

occurs when an initial injection of money into the local, regional or national economy causes a bigger final increase in local, regional, or national wealth.

169
Q

trend of employment in LIC;s

A

high percentage in primary
small percentage in secondary
smaller percentage in tertiary

170
Q

trend of employment in HIC;s

A

low percentage in primary
high percentage in secondary (but now falling)
high percentage in tertiary
high percentage in quarternary

171
Q

causes of economic globalisation

A

growth of TNC’s and MNC’s
improvements in transport technology
accelerating advances in ICT
formation and growing importance of refional economic or trading blocks

172
Q

advantages of TNC’s

A 
increase employment
higher wages
an improvement in skills
improvements in transport infrastructure
improvements in service infrastructure
rise in standard of living
improvements in public services
workers income benefits
new technology and training
173
Q

disadvantages of TNC’s

A 
leakage of profits
exploitation of labour force
low pay for workers
highly skilled jobs may go to outsiders
branch plants may close as other locations becomemore cost efficent
may have poor work conditions where workers health and safety may be compromised
loss of rural land
pollution
174
Q

c6: toyota benefits and negatives

A

tourism: westfield, trainstation and leisure
employment: over 2500 people
traffic - heavier than before 1992 and hold ups on the A38 at rush hour

175
Q

c6: toyota location FACTS

A

regional hq in: uk, usa, japan, thailand
- able to locate near other TNC’s for collaboration and competition.
r&d sites in: usa, china, japan
-higher calibre universities for high-calibre employees
most manufacturing sites in: uk
-good access to market, room to expand, government gives cheaper taxes

176
Q

c6: toyota features

A

inputs: 580 acres of land
2506 employees
processes: welding, assembly
outputs: 14,000 corollas

177
Q

c6: toyota impacts

A

tourism - westfield, trainstation, new leisure opportunities
employment - since opening, employed over 2500 people
traffic - heavier than before 1992, hold ups on the A38 at rush hour

178
Q

Dharavi

A

case study?

179
Q

non-renewable fossil fuel def

A

a fuel that is either finite or non-sustainable. this is because their use will eventually lead to them running out. non-renewable fossil fuels include coal, oil, natural gas and peat.

180
Q

renewable energy supply def

A

a resource that can be used continually without running out - it is a sustabinable resource.

181
Q

biofuels def

A

fuels produced from living organisms or from their by-products, such as food waste

182
Q

greenhouse gas def

A

a gas in the atomosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere.

183
Q

acid rain

A

rain made up of water droplets that have absorbed certain gases in the atmosphere and have become slightly acidic; usually due to atmospheric pollution and, most notably, the excessive amounts of certain sulphur and nitrogen gases released by burning fossil fuels, cars, and industrial processes.

184
Q

main source of energy for HIC’s

A

oil and natural gas

185
Q

where is nuclear energy mostly used

A

in countries that do not have their own large supplies of fossil fuels, such as France, Japan, South Korea and Belgium

186
Q

advantages of nuclear

A

not a bulky fuel
nuclear waste is small in quantity and can be stored underground
does not produce greenhouse gases, carbon missions or acid rain
stops countries relying on imported oil, coal and gas
relatively large reserves of uranium
relatively low running costs

187
Q

disadvantages of nuclear

A

dangerous if there is a nuclear accident
nuclear waste can remain dangerous for several thousand years.
high decommissioning costs.

188
Q

what has had the largest growth in the last few years

A

wind, solar and HEP

189
Q

in LIC’s a lot of people don’t have electricity, aso they rely on fuels such as

A

wood and charcoal. costs of solar falling so is becoming more common.

190
Q

what generates the highest proportion of renewable energy

A

HEP

191
Q

wave and tidal power…

A

have high energy levels but it is difficult to design a wave power generator that can withstand large storm waves.

192
Q

how does geothermal energy work

A

in volcanic areas, heat comes close to the earths surface from the magma beneath the surface. rainwater infiltrating the ground becomes heatend and may rise to the surface as steam or as hot springs. it can then be used to heat buildings or generate electricity

193
Q

country with largest geothermal energy

A

USA

194
Q

what is wind power

A

the conversion of wind energy into a useful form like electriciy, using wind turbines.

195
Q

solar energy can

A

generate electricity by providing heated water for a thermal generator or by using PV cells which convert sunlight into electricity

196
Q

what is biomass

A

plant matter grown to generate electricity. cheap and easy to construct and maintain so used in LIC’s a lot.

197
Q

where is fuelwood commonly used

A

LIC’s, but demand in now outstripping supply where deforestation rate is higher than regrowth and replanting rate.

198
Q

c7: china, how is energy supplied

A

HEP - Yangtze river 3 gorges dam is over 2km with 3 powerhouses
Coal - 65% of energy mix. largest producer and consumer of coal in the world
Oil - largest oil importer in the world. 1.5% of total oil reserves

199
Q

c7: Importance of different types of energy

A

Coal based electricity - enough to power 31 million homes
Oil - 360 million vehicles
HEP - produces over 20,000 mW of energy

200
Q

the yangtze river

A

over 60 stories high
over 2km long
32 turbines

201
Q

adv of the yangtze river dam

A

hep is renewable, clean and non-polluting
can be used ofr recreation and attract tourists
flood control

202
Q

disadv of the yantgze river dam

A

expensive to build
destroy wildlife habitats
1.2 million people had to move in china to allow for room.

cambridge igcse geography (5 decks)

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