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cambridge igcse geography > geographical skills > Flashcards

geographical skills Flashcards

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1
Q

topographic maps def

A

a type of map characterised by large-scale detail and quantative representation of relief, ususally using contour lines, but a variety of methods can be used.

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2
Q

analysis def

A

to study or examine something in detail

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3
Q

interpretation def

A

to give the meaning of something

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4
Q

application def

A

the action of putting something into operation

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5
Q

how do you measure a curve on a map

A

divide the curve in to straight sections and measure these straight line distances.

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6
Q

grid references def

A

the referal to a grid of squares which helps the map-reader to locate a place

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7
Q

eastings

A

the vertical lines on a map

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8
Q

northings

A

the horizontal lines on a map

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9
Q

what does a 4 figure grid reference locate

A

a grid square

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10
Q

what are 4 figure grid references used to locate

A

a fairly large feature e.g. town or valley

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11
Q

what does a 6 figure grid reference measure

A

an exact point

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12
Q

what are 6 figure grid references used to locate

A

a conventional sign or building

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13
Q

how do you find a 4 figure grid reference

A

use the first two figures/nubers to go along the bottom, from left to right. use the second two figures/nu,bers to go up the side. draw lines where you have gone up and along, to find the PRECISE AND EXACT point.

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14
Q

how do you find a 6 figure grid reference

A

use the first two figures/nubers to go along the bottom, from left to right. use the second two figures/nu,bers to go up the side. draw lines where you have gone up and along, to find the PRECISE AND EXACT point. however because it is 6 figures, it will not be on one of the map lines, as the large square has effectively been split into 10. e.g. 065 675, the up one will be in the middle as 5 is in the middle of 10.

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15
Q

16 points of the compass

A 
north north north east
north east
east north east
east
east south east
south east
south south east
south
south south west
south west
west south west
west
west north west
north west
north west north
north
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16
Q

compass def

A

an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic directions or points.

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17
Q

grid bearing def

A

a bearing measured from grid north

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18
Q

what grid bearing it north

A

0

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19
Q

what grid bearing is east

A

90

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20
Q

what grid bearing is south

A

180

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21
Q

what grid bearing is west

A

270

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22
Q

where do you place the compass when finding a grid bearing

A

in the middle of the square.

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23
Q

where does the grid bearing measurement start from

A

the square it’s FROM, at north at 0

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24
Q

contour line def

A

a line that joins places on the map with the same height.

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25
Q

what is the contour interval

A

the height between contours. this can either be 5 or 10m

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26
Q

what is the spot height

A

an exact point, or spot, ont hemap with a height measurement written beside it

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27
Q

what is the trigonometrical station

A

a small, blue/black triangle with an exact height measurement written beside it

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28
Q

what does a lack of contour lines on a map mean

A

it is very flat land

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29
Q

what does very close contour lines on a map mean

A

the land is very steep

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30
Q

if the land is VERY steep (vertical-cliff)

A

a special sign will be used that can be found in the key

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31
Q

what contour pattern will a hill have

A

a series of circular shaped contours

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32
Q

what contour pattern will a valley have

A

a V-shaped set of contours, usually with a river in the bottom.

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33
Q

geographical term for a high flat area

A

high ridge or plateau

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34
Q

geographical term for a steep slope

A

scarp slope

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35
Q

other geographical terms

A

floodplain, broad, flat, steep-sided, deeply cut (by a river), gently sloping

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36
Q

what is density of drainage

A

the length of streams, rivers, or drainage channels you find in a grid square.

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37
Q

if a grid square has lots of rivers and streams it has

A

high drainage density

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38
Q

if a grid square has few rivers and streams it has

A

low drainage density

39
Q

describe shape and form of river channels

A

meanders
oxbow lakes
deltas

40
Q

physical features of coastlines

A

cliffs, headlands and bays, beaches, spits, bars and tombolos

41
Q

cross section def

A

a drawing that shows what the inside of something looks like after a cut has been made through it

42
Q

what do cross sections allow you to see

A

areas of flat, steep and gentle slopes and locate rivers and towns etc. used to analyse and describe certain areas of the map.

43
Q

main patterns of settlement

A

dispersed, linear, nuclear

44
Q

urban morphology def

A

the geographical shape of urban development

45
Q

isoline map def

A

the prefix iso means equal
a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value; examples include equal height (contour lines), temperature (isotherms), rainfall (isohyet) and barometric pressure (isobars)

46
Q

chloropleth map def

A

a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable which is being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income, each colour is associated with a different, quantitative value.

47
Q

what should transport/communication networks be recognised in terms of

A

their type and density in relation to the physcial geography (i.e. keeping to areas of flat land and valley floors, avoiding steep slopes and mountainous areas)
and
human geography, (linking settlment together, taking traffic around a large town or city rather than through the middle (by pass)features

48
Q

what must descriptions of patterns of settlements be entirely based on

A

map evidence, showing interaction between humans and their physical environment

49
Q

examples of land use based on physical environment

A

upland and lowland areas as a result of climate differences due to height differences

differences between dense settlement on river floodplains and sparse settlement on steep upland slopes

50
Q

describe def

A

write what something is like or where it is

51
Q

compare def

A

describe two situations and present both the similarities and differences

52
Q

explain def

A

write about why something occurs or happens and make plain, or intelligible, a concept or idea

53
Q

high and low population reasons

A 
hot/cold
wet/dry
fertile/infertile land
mountainous/flat
fertile river valleys 
natural resources
54
Q

migraiton reasons

A

how many people
is it international or national
economic/forced/voluntary

55
Q

identify areas of

A 
population density
population migration
road/rail transport networks
settlement sizes, shapes and patterns
relief (shape and height of land)
river - floodplains, deltas, meanders, oxbow lakes
coastal 
volcanoes and earthquake features
56
Q

what can you relate coastal features to

A

resistant and less resistant rock and differential erosion, spits, bars, tomobolos, beaches, wave-cut platforms and cliffs.

57
Q

contrasts in population pyramids

A

male vs female
economically active and non-economically active population
young and old dependents
comparing two pyramids, usually a HIC and LIC

58
Q

what are line graphs often used to show

A

temperature

rainfall/precipitation

59
Q

what does a histogram represent

A

a graphical representation of numerical data

60
Q

waht are triangular graphs usually used to show

A

compare % of people who are working in primary, secondary, or tertiary industry. 3 axes instead of the normal 2

61
Q

what is good about divided bar charts

A

they can display similar data

62
Q

what are pie charts useful for

A

showing the size proportions of different categories in a data set.

63
Q

what must pie chart data be converted into before making

A

perentages, then into a proportion of 360. this is done by multiplying percentage value by 3.6

64
Q

what are proportionally divided circles

A

used to compare a particular set of data in two areas. e.g. industry sectors in two countries with very different total populations. the proportion si type sof industry, and size/area of the circles is proportional to relative populations of country.

65
Q

what are radial graphs

A

the values extend out from a central point to show the relationship of each variable to the central point or location.

66
Q

why are radial graphs useful

A

they can show a number of different variables.

67
Q

most common type of radial graph

A

wind rose. four axes show N,E,S,W. number on each axis show length of time (days). therefore the prevailing/most common wind can be found. centre shows how many days with no wind.

68
Q

scatter graphs show

A

relationship between two variables that are being investigated and any correlation between them.

69
Q

independent variable goes on the

A

x axis

70
Q

dependent variable goes on the

A

y axis

71
Q

when are scatter diagrams more useful

A

when a statistical test is applied to the data

72
Q

what do flow diagrams show

A

systems with inputs, processes and outputs.

73
Q

what are kite diagrams useful for

A

looking at patterns of zonation in vegetation

74
Q

what do data tables provide info on

A

physical phononema such as river discharges, flood events, size of earthquakes, economic activities, population/settlement, agricultural and manufacturing output etc.

75
Q

correlation def

A

process of establishing a relationship or connection between two or more things

76
Q

independent variable def

A

the factor that is changed or controlled in a scientific study to test the effects on the dependent variable

77
Q

dependent variable def

A

the factor being tested and measured in a scientific study. dependent on the independent variable.

78
Q

line of best fit def

A

a line through the centre of results with an equal number of points above and below th eline

79
Q

kite diagram def

A

a graph that shows the density or distribution of species that have been found along a transect.

80
Q

oblique photograph def

A

a photogrpah taken with camera axis inclined away from the vertical. usuallty covers more ground than a vertical photo from same altituide.

81
Q

GIS def

A

a system used to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, present spatial or geographic data

82
Q

field sketching def

A

a drawing forming a fundamental part of any field work investigation. simple qualitiative technique which, done correctly will support data collected and enhance a study.

83
Q

natural landscape:

A

high, low, steep, gently sloping, mountians, hills, cliffs, vertical slopes, bare rock, loose rock and scree

84
Q

valleys:

A

small, large, V-shaped, wide or narrow, tributary valleys, confluence, gorges, waterfalls, rapids, oxbow lakes, river cliffs, point bars.

85
Q

river/streams:

A

wide/narrow, fast/slow, turbulant, muddy/full of sediment, clear, lakes, ponds, resevoirs, well drained, poorly drained.

86
Q

coastal:

A

beaches, spits, bars, lagoons, tombolos, sand, pebbles, marshes, cliffs (high, low, steep, vertical, bare rock, vegetated, collapsed) salt water, high, wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps, geos, cliffs with cracks/faults, joints, bedding planes, layers of rock

87
Q

vegetation:

A

forests, woods, trees, shrubs, grass, bare ground, deforested, cleared

88
Q

farmland:

A

fields, large/small, arable, pastoral, crops, hedges, shelter belts, fences ditches.

89
Q

cities and towns:

A

shops, offices, banks, restaurants, cafes, hotels, flats, apartments, residential, multi-storey,, low rise, modern new old buildings, flat roofs, steep roofs, high density, low density buildings, concrete, brick, glass, balconies

90
Q

rural areas:

A

villages, individual housing, farmhouses , single story, two storey, farms, farmland, fields, crops orchards, woods, forests.

91
Q

streets and roads:

A

narrow, wide, straight, winding, sealed, unsealed, pavements, motorways, roundabouts, cars, lorries/trucks, buses, coaches, cycles, motorbikes.

92
Q

methodology def

A

a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.

93
Q

hypothesis df

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon taking place.

cambridge igcse geography (5 decks)

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