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PRS > Theme D - Religion, Peace and Conflict > Flashcards

Theme D - Religion, Peace and Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of war

A
  • Greed
  • Self-defence
  • Nationalism
  • Retaliation
  • Religious belief
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2
Q

Greed

A

Wars may be fought to gain more land, money, or resources (e.g. oil)

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3
Q

Self-defence

A

People may fight back to protect themselves if they are under attack or fight to defend another threatened nation

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4
Q

Retaliation

A

Wars may respond to the actions of others (counter-attack). This may be on ideological or political grounds - people may take action against others because they have different beliefs or political opinions

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5
Q

Nationalism

A

People may fight to conquer or expand into other countries

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6
Q

Religious conflicts examples

A
  • The ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland involved conflict between Catholic Republicans and Protestant Unionists
  • In Myanmar, some Buddhists felt threatened by a minority presence of Muslims and used violence against them
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7
Q

Christian opinions on religious wars

A

Most Christians do not respond violently to an attack on their faith; they may ‘turn the other cheek’.

Most Christians today believe that it is better to defend the faith through words rather than violence.

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8
Q

Buddhist opinions on war

A

Most Buddhists are committed to non-violence. Instead, they encourage people to conquer violence inside themselves.

Buddhism teaches that no war can be justified, even in self-defence.

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9
Q

Holy war

A

Fighting for a religious cause or God, controlled by a religious leader. It is believed those who take part gain spiritual rewards.

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10
Q

Just War Theory

A

Developed by Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. It provides the conditions that make a war justifiable and the rules on how it may be fought ethically.

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11
Q

Jus ad bellum (conditions to make a war justifiable)

A
  • Must be fought for a just cause (e.g. self-defence)
  • Must be declared by the correct authority (e.g. president)
  • Must have a just intention (e.g. to protect the country)
  • Must be a last resort (other diplomatic options must have been tried and exhausted)
  • Must have a reasonable chance of success (no soldiers should be sent to certain death)
  • Must be proportional (no excessive force should be used)
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12
Q

Jus in bello (rules for how a war should be fought)

A
  • Must be fought by just means (e.g. innocent civilians should not be targeted)
  • Only appropriate force should be used (ban on certain weapons)
  • Internationally agreed conventions must be obeyed
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13
Q

Christian opinions on Just War

A

Many Christians believe it is acceptable, but it is better to find a peaceful resolution where possible

Some Christians disagree because it defends the concept of war. They believe no war can ever be ethical.

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14
Q

Violence + violent protest

A
  • People in the UK have the right to protest, but it is illegal to do so violently
  • All religions agree that conflict and violent protest should be avoided if possible
  • Many religions agree that peaceful protests are acceptable
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15
Q

Protest

A

express disapproval, often in a public group

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16
Q

Examples of peaceful protests

A
  • Martin Luther King Jr. organised peaceful protests against unjust racist laws in the USA starting in 1955
  • Cambodian monk Ghosananda led peaceful marches in the 1990s to try to encourage reconciliation
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17
Q

Terrorism

A

the use of violence or threats to intimidate and create a state of fear, especially for political purposes

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18
Q

Examples of terrorism

A
  • suicide bombers
  • gunmen shooting into crowds
  • using vehicles to injure pedestrians
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19
Q

Christian views on terrorism

A

Christians condemn terrorism, particularly because victims are usually innocent people. They prefer peaceful ways of resolving issues.

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20
Q

Buddhist views on terrorism

A

Buddhists believe terrorism is an expression of hatred. Revenge and retaliation are not appropriate answers.

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21
Q

Peace

A

The absence of conflict and war, leading to happiness and harmony

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22
Q

Christian views on peace

A

Christians believe God will bring peace to the world at some time in the future (Isaiah 2:4)

23
Q

Buddhist views on peace

A

Violence can be avoided when people develop peace within themselves

24
Q

Justice

A

Bringing about what is right and fair, or making up for a wrong that has been committed. This may be linked to equality.

25
Q

Christian views on justice

A

Christians believe that God, as the ultimate judge, will establish justice at some point in the future (Isaiah 2:4)

26
Q

Buddhism views on justice

A

Buddhism teaches that non-violent methods should be used to bring about justice.

27
Q

Isaiah 2:4

A

“He will judge between the nations and will settle disputes for many peoples… Nation will not take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore.”

28
Q

Forgiveness

A

Showing compassion and mercy, and pardoning someone for what they have done wrong.

29
Q

Christian views on forgiveness

A

Christians are taught to forgive if they wish to be forgiven (Lord’s Prayer)

30
Q

Buddhist views on forgiveness

A

Buddhists believe this is an expression of loving-kindness (metta), letting go of anger and hatred.

31
Q

Reconciliation

A

Restoring friendly relationships after conflict. This requires a conscious effort.

32
Q

Christian views on reconciliation

A

Reconciliation is associated with Jesus reconciling humanity with God through his death.

Christians can embody reconciliation through the idea of ‘love your neighbour’

33
Q

Buddhist views on reconciliation

A

For Buddhists, letting go of blame and resentment is important in reconciliation

34
Q

Pacifism

A

The religious or non-religious view that war and violence can never be justified and that conflicts should be settled in a peaceful way

35
Q

Christian views on pacifism

A
  • Some Christians e.g. Quakers strongly support pacifism. They may follow Jesus’s example and the beatitude ‘Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the Sons of God’
  • Many Christians are not pacifists as they may follow just war principles
36
Q

Buddhist views on pacifism

A

Most Buddhists strongly support pacifism as the first moral precept teaches that they shouldn’t harm living beings. They should develop karuna (compassion) for all beings and create a world that nurtures a peaceful mind.

37
Q

Weapons of mass destruction

A

Weapons that can kill large numbers of people and/or cause great damage. These include nuclear, chemical (e.g. Sarin), and biological weapons (e.g. viruses).

38
Q

Christian views on WMDs

A
  • Accept WMDs as a deterrent (Catholics), as long as they are never used
  • Accept the idea of mutually assured destruction
  • As the creator, only God can give and take life
  • Sanctity of life
39
Q

Buddhist views on WMDs

A
  • WMDs bring death and suffering on a massive scale and so their use can never be justified
  • Against first moral precept
40
Q

Tzu Chi Foundation

A

A Buddhist foundation inspired by the Bodhisattva goal to free all beings from suffering. They opened a clinic in Istanbul to help with treatment of Syrian refugees.

41
Q

Caritas

A

A Catholic organisation that promotes justice worldwide. It aims to provide practical help to those affected by conflict. E.g. in 2015, they provided food and shelter to refugees fleeing the Syrian civil war.

41
Q

Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams

A

A Catholic and Protestant from Northern Ireland who formed the ‘Peace People’, which organised peaceful marches and events to call for peace in the ‘Troubles’. They won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1976.

42
Q

Thich Nhat Hanh

A

A Vietnamese Buddhist monk who supported non-violent protest and aimed to use the Buddha’s teachings to improve social justice

43
Q

Civil war

A

Armed conflict between factions within the same country.

44
Q

Conflict

A

a state of disagreement or hostility between two or more parties who have opposing interests, goals, beliefs, needs or values

45
Q

Just War

A

the Christian concept of war that is fought for the right and noble reasons, in the right way

46
Q

War

A

An organised conflict usually consisting of intense violence carried out by one state or states against another state

47
Q

Power/greed quote

A

“For the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil.”
- 1 Timothy

48
Q

Quote against retaliation

A

“If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also.”
- Matthew

49
Q

Peace quotes

A

“Hatred does not cease by hatred; hatred ceases by love”
- The Dhammapada

“Do not envy the violent or choose any of their ways.”
- Proverbs

“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.”
- Matthew

50
Q

Retaliation/revenge quotes

A

“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
- Exodus

“Those who live by the sword die by the sword.”
- Matthew

51
Q

Forgiveness quotes

A

“Forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us”
- Lord’s Prayer

“how many times should I forgive my brother or sister who sins against me?… I tell you, not seven times, but seventy times seven”
- Matthew

“The only way to experience healing and peace is to forgive.”
- Desmond Tutu

52
Q

Quotes against murder

A

“You shall not murder.”
- Exodus

“Life is the most precious of all treasures”
- Nichiren

“All tremble at violence; all fear death… one should not kill nor cause another to kill.”
- Dhammapada

53
Q

Nuclear weapons quote

A

“For peace, the basic thing to do is not remove nuclear weapons but to remove the fear, anger and suspicion in us.”
- Thich Nhat Hanh

PRS (8 decks)

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