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History RUSSIA > Theme 5 > Flashcards

Theme 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was gorbachev’s early reform called?

A

Acceleration

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2
Q

Why were Gorbachev’s early reforms unsuccessful?

A

Tweaking the system didn’t change anything fundamental

Command economy was not tackled

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3
Q

When did Gorbachev come to power

A

1985

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4
Q

What were the 3 key features of Gorbachev’s acceleration?

A

Reformists promoted to politburo and central committee I.e. Yeltsin

Reinforced anti alcohol campaign

Five year plan 12

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5
Q

What happened with the anti alcohol campaign reenforced by Gorbachev’s acceleration ?

Why wasn’t it successful?

A

Legal drinking age raised to 21
Closed down some distilleries

Moonshine market grew
Tax revenue is lost

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6
Q

Which key reformist was promoted in Gorbachev’s acceleration?

A

Yeltsin

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7
Q

What happened with five year plan 12 and why was it unsuccessful ?

A

Super ministries set up to reduce waste
Central planning -> greater production
Focus on science + research

It was unable to bring change
Problems with the command economy!!!
Govt still went into deficit 2.4%->6.2% (1984-1985h

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8
Q

What were the 2 economic policies Gorbachev implemented

A

Acceleration

Perestroika

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9
Q

What does perestroika mean?

A

Restructuring

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10
Q

What were the three main features of Perestroika?

A

Joint ventures

Law on state enterprises 1987
(Loosened state control over wages)

Co-operatives legalised 1988

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11
Q

How did joint ventures (in perestroika) lead to the fall of the ussr ?

A

They were too complex
They were only 3000 by 1987 so it had no real impact

Excessive Bureaucracy surrounded it! This meant Gorbachev had to take drastic political reform to try to stop this

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12
Q

What was the law on state enterprises (1987) (perestroika)

And how did it lead to the fall of the ussr?

A

Weakened GOSPLAN’s power by loosening state controls over wages and prices and produce

Led to inflation as workers gave themselves higher wages
There was a 13% increase in urban wage
This created economic chaos reducing Gorbachev’s popularity to decline

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13
Q

How did co operatives being legalised (1988) (perestroika) lead to the ussr fall?

A

Caused inflation as there was no limit on pricing in state shop

It also gave opportunity for party officials to take bribes as coops needed permission from them to open

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14
Q

How did party officials undermine perestroika ?

A

Leningrad - city administration withdrew all sausages from shops and warehouses and buried them to create a shortage

They took bribes for people to open co ops

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15
Q

How did Perestroika lead to party opposition?

A

Radical reformists promoted in acceleration demanded complete free market

Hardliners were angry as they thought there was too much reform

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16
Q

What was the consequence of Perestroika with food?

A

Inflation caused by co ops and law on state enterprises 1987 meant that 26/55 districts in Russia had meat rationing

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17
Q

What event prompted Glasnost and why?

A

1986 Chernobyl

Plant explosion causing radioactive fallout across Europe

No announcement by government until they were forced to acknowledge it after it was discovered by Scandinavian scientists

Delayed response meant people weren’t evacuated quickly enough causing increase in birth deformities

This convinced Gorbachev needed to be more far reaching and radical. Hence Glasnost

18
Q

What were Gorbachev’s main 2 political reforms ?

A

Glasnost

Democratisation

19
Q

What was the hope and reality with Glasnost and criticism?

A

Hoped party officials blocking reforms would be criticised

In reality other things were criticised which turned people against communism itself
I.e. War attrocities 14,000 young poles killed under Beria

It also gave people a platform to campaign for independence

It allowed Yeltsin to rise and criticise

20
Q

How did Gorbachev attempt to define roles and shift roles of of party vs state? How did this fail?

A

Attempt to separate party and state (19th party congress)

Deputies of the soviets were elected for 5 years rather than 2 giving better job security
Also Gorbachev made himself president of the Soviet as well as general secretary of the party

In hope he could ignore party officials blocking his reforms more and pass reform through the state

However he was seen as a hypocrite for not being democratically elected and ended up taking power away from his own power base (the party) reducing his own power

21
Q

Evidence of Gorbachev’s attack on corruption?

A

Brezhnev’s son in law was given 12 years in prison for diamond smuggling

22
Q

What were the 3 main democratisation changes?

A

Secret ballots
1987

Multiple candidates in Soviets! 1988 19th party congress
(Still had to be communist party)

Multiple candidates nationally
-allow yeltsin’s comeback !
ELECTIONS!!

23
Q

What was article 6? What did abolishing it mean?

A

Article 6- made ussr a one party state

Reversing it in 1990 meant that other parties could run

fundamental change

24
Q

How did Yeltsin do in the 1989 elections?

A

Won 89% of the vote in Moscow

25
Q

How did Gorbachev’s men do in the 1989 elections ?

A

Give members of central committee don’t get elected

26
Q

What did Glasnost mean Yeltsin could fight for?

A

Reduction of communist party power

Independence

27
Q

What congress did Gorbachev set up?

A

Congress of people’s deputies

28
Q

Which conservatives criticised Gorbachev for changing too much and when ?

A

Ligachev 1988

Yeltsin 1987

29
Q

Why was Gorbachev so surprised by the consequences of ending the Brezhnev doctrine?

A

He believed in soviet nationalism.
He believed his own propaganda and believed soviet nationalism (mainly Russian culture) was entrenched in the system

He was surprised by the explode of nationalism

30
Q

When was the end of the Brezhnev doctrine ended ?

A

1989

But told satellite state leaders about end of intervention in 1985

31
Q

What happened with the satellite states when the Brezhnev doctrine was ended ?

A

One by one they declared independence

32
Q

What happened with East Germany in terms of independence ?

A

1989
1 million people protest

End of BD meant Gorbachev didn’t intervene

1991- Germany is one country

33
Q

What happened with Poland and independence?

A

1979 - pope visits and tells people not to be afraid

Strikes around the country

Free trade union “solidarity wins elections because of Glasnost and reversal of article 6

Mazowiecki becomes first non communist PM In Eastern Europe
End of BD= no intervention

34
Q

What happened with birth rate that increased demand for independence?

A

By 1980’s
145 million Russians
141 million non Russians

Birth rate increased in non Russian arenas with different cultures

This increased demand for independence

35
Q

Which republic was the first to declare independence ?

What were the consequences of this?

A

Lithuania declared independence 1990

Gorbachev declared it illegal and imposed economic sanctions but did not invade and these sanctions were lifted in the summer

However 14 protestors killed in attack he said he didn’t order

Baltic states not included in Gorbachev’s reform of union 1991

36
Q

Which environmental concern prompted nationalism in the ussr ?

A

Chernobyl explosion 1986

After the explosion, more information became accessible and Russians , Central Asia and Baltic states were worried their areas were becoming polluted

37
Q

What happened in the republics of Azerbaijan and Armenia?

How did it contribute to the fall of the ussr ?

A

Karabagh was controlled by Azerbaijan even though it had an Armenian majority.

This prompted protests and violent outbreaks

Soviet government intervened by directly enforcing central control which didn’t please any of the sides

This caused more violence and demands for independence
Armenia left the SU as part of Gorbachev’s reformed union

38
Q

What happened with nationalism in Georgia ?

How did it contribute to the fall of the ussr ?

A

Protests 1989

Soviet troopers used force killing 19 protestors

This was unsuccessful at prevented nationalism movement. It caused outrage of nationalists all over the ussr

Military were blamed so military became unwilling to use force. This is Tbilisi syndrome. Government could no longer rely on military support

39
Q

What was Gorbachev’s key election mistake ?

A

Embracing democracy then not standing for election

40
Q

How did Yeltsin encourage the non Russian republics and Russia to gain independence

A

@ republics “take as much sovereignty as possible”

He also made law that Russian parliament laws were superior to soviet laws giving Russia more independence

History RUSSIA (5 decks)

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