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Theme 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In which order of effectiveness did leaders use propaganda / cult of personality to control?

A

Stalin
Lenin
Khrushchev
Brezhnev

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2
Q

How did Lenin control the press and media ?

2

A

Decree on press 1917
- banned all left wing newspapers

Glavlit - introduced. All books had to be approved by it to be published.

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3
Q

How did Stalin control press and media?

2

A

Socialist realism 1944- art needed approval

Glavlit became more powerful

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4
Q

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev control media / propaganda?

A

Loosened culture

Allowed foreign music
Didn’t really have a choice about it though as because of increasing technological advances

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5
Q

What was lenin’s personality cult?

A

Lenin was not pro-personality cult as it was fundamentally anti Marxist because it would show Lenin as more important and above others
However the politburo wanted to use it

Phase 1 1918-1924
Lenin depicted as leader of revolution in front of red banner
After his assassination attempt, Lenin was opted enter as miraculous

Phase 2 post death 
Lenin is painted as a saint 
Statues
Petrograd was changed to Leningrad 
Stalin used his cult for his own agenda
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6
Q

What were the three stages of Stalin’s personality cult?

A

Myth of two leaders
Vozhd
Generalissimo

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7
Q

What was Stalin’s personality cult? (Part one)

A

1920s - myth of two leaders
Photomontages would depict Lenin looking down approvingly of Stalin
History books were edited to exclude Trotksy and exaggerate Stalin’s part in the October Revolution I.e the histories of the communist party.

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8
Q

What was Stalin’s personality cult (part 2)

A

1930s Vozhd
Emphasis on Stalin being a leader

His birthday became a celebrated communist equivalent of a national holiday

Depicted with children - father figure

If anything went well, Stalin would be praised - 5 YP

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9
Q

What was Stalin’s personality cult (part 3)

A

Generalissimo 1940s

Depicted with tools and weaponry to show Stalin as a man of the people bringing in advanced technology

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10
Q

What was Khrushchev’s personality cult?

A

Criticised Stalin’s personality cult but developed one of his own

Books developed “adulation” - strong praise

Media depicted him as responsible for successful Virgin lands scheme. When it went wrong he was blamed 1958

Peace maker - Cuban midsole crisis

Cult of Lenin can

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11
Q

What was the cult of Brezhnev?

A

Excessive medals -Order of Lenin 9 times !

Cult of Lenin- acted as if he was continuing his work

Foreign policy success in developing détente - defender of world peace

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12
Q

What does the infamous Karl Marx❤️❤️❤️ say about religion ?

A

“Religion is the opium of the masses”

Created by the upper class to distract workers to put up with their misery without complaining

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13
Q

How was Lenin the most Marxist ?

A

Against personality cults

Very anti religion

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14
Q

How much of a threat were religions to Lenin? What did he do to them?

A

Decree on freedom of conscience 1918 - separated church and state so church lost privilege

Civil war - 1000 priests were killed, 28 bishops

Patriarch Tikhon (head of Orthodox Church) was put under house arrest and died in 1925

Islamic shrines were attacked.

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15
Q

What were the three religious groups targeted in the USSR and in which order

A

Christianity
Islam
Judaism

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16
Q

Which religious figures and how many were killed in the civil war?

A

1000 priests
28 bishops

They were denied rations as well

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17
Q

Who was Patriach Tikhon

A

Head of Orthodox Church put under house arrest by Lenin and died in 1925

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18
Q

What was the campaign against the veiling of women?

A

1927

Campaign against women wearing the burka

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19
Q

What was Stalin’s relationship with religion ?

A

Collectivisation 1928
Kulaks were sent to gulag which expanded to priests in dekulakisation

League of militant godless 1929
- took peasants to heaven to show them that there is no God

Great purge 1936-1939
12 out of 163 bishops were still in Liberty

CHANGE
During war 1941-1945
Godless is closed
Soldiers found comfort it god
Stalin forms pragmatic alliance with church.
Churches and seminaries reopened so new priests can be created

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20
Q

Why did Stalin’s relationship with religion change in 1941?

A

War!
People looked to religion in the war so Stalin formed a pragmatic alliance with the church
They were allowed to reopen as well as seminaries so more priests could be created

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21
Q

What was Khrushchev’s relationship with religion?

A

Anti religious campaign 58-64

Churches that were reopened were closed again as well as monestaries m

Priests were allowed to be beaten up, anti religious magazines, believers were denied access to holy sites

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22
Q

What did Brezhnev’s relationship with religion?

4

A

He ends Khrushchev’s campaign and stops church closures

1968- opens institute for scientific atheism.

Only 20% of population were professing religious faithS this remained the same

Still anti religious tho
1976- Christian committee for the defence of believers rights was created
-leader was sent to prison 5 years

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23
Q

How did the relationship with religion and the leaders in power change?

A

Lenin

  • traditional Marxist anti religious stance
  • decree on freedom of conscience + civil war (1000 priests)

Stalin
-pragmatic stance on religion
-league of militant godless 1929 and 12/163 bishops still in Liberty after purge
BUT
during war, church state alliance- churches reopened and ministries

Khrushchev

  • anti religious campaign 1958-1964-closes churches
  • patrols don’t let religious people on holy sights and priests beaten up

Brezhnev
-ends Khrushchev’s campaign and stopped church closures
However very atheist population with only 20% professing faith
-however Christian committee for the defence of believers rights 1976

1 Lenin
2 Khrushchev 
3 Stalin 
4 Brezhnev 
(Worst relations with religion)
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24
Q

What did Lenin think about terror and how did this contrast with Stalin (with examples)

A

Lenin tended to use terror when the party was at threat rather than himself

  • he would not shed the blood of another Bolshevik in his chitska
  • during the civil war, red terror was used against the whites with burying alive and freezing whites to death

Stalin however tended to use terror when he was at threat
-excessive purges
-show trials 16,17,21
-targets people in the party -Kirov?
He is able to do this as he is a personal dictator

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25
Who were the four heads of secret police? When were they head?
``` Dzerzhinsky 1917-1926 Yagoda (effectively leader) 1926-1936 Yezhov 1936-1938 Beria 1938-1953 ```
26
What did the secret police do under Dzerzhinsky?
1927/1926 Attack opponents outside of party Later attacked NEPmen Closed newspapers 1917 Closed constituent assembly 1918 1917-1923 200,000 people killed Red terror in civil war - freezing whites to death, burying prisoners alive Show trial of SRs 1922 Labour camps
27
What methods/things did Lenin introduce but stalin followed?(4)
Show trials 1922-SRs Cheka introduced Chitskas Labour camps set up
28
What did Yagoda get up to as head of the secret police? (5)
1926-36 Targets - kulaks and people in the party Dekulakisation 1928 Rich peasants were sent to work camps Expansion of gulags R A P I D 10,000 died digging the White Sea canal Night time arrests Old Bolsheviks at night. Party officials began sleeping with a bag next to them so they would be ready if they were arrested Extraction of confessions Threats against family -bukharins wife and child -physical and mental torture Show trial of 16 Zin and Kam were told they would receive light sentences
29
What did Yezhov get up to? (5)
1936-38 Targets -anyone who didn't prove loyalty Men aged 35-45 ``` Used power in a totalitarian way. "Sharpening class struggle" - to justify more violence ``` 10% of the adult male population were arrested. Legal processes were a 3 day period 1=arrest 2=trial 3=execution Purge of red army 14/16 commanders Trial of 16,17,21
30
What percentage of the adult male population were arrested in Yezhovchina ?
10%
31
What was the trial of 16?
Zinoviev and Kamenev show trial 1936 They were told they would receive light sentences if they confessed They were sentenced to death for association with kirov's murder
32
What was the trial of 17?
1937 People that criticised the 5 year plan were put on a show trial and accused of working for Trotsky Purge of the left
33
What was the trial of 21?
Bukharin was put on show trial 1938 He criticised Stalin's economic policies Purge of right
34
How did legal processing speed up under Yezhov? (2)
3 day period after arrested 1 arrested 2 trial 3 execution Stalin was signing 3200 death warrants a day by 1938
35
What torture methods did each secret police leader use?
Dzerzhinsky - tortured socialist opponents 1918 ``` Yagoda threats against bukharins wife Physical and mental torture Yezhov Bare foot+ hot floor Beatings Genocidal techniques Carbon monoxide ``` Beria had a personal preserve with the most terrifying prison with electric shocks
36
What did Beria get up to as head of secret police? (6)
14,000 young poles were massacred and blamed on the nazis Villages that resisted his slave plan were locked up in a barn and burnt alive He practiced rape He had personal preserve with the most terrifying prison that practiced electric shocks He did give more food to the gulags so they would be more productive He ends the mass terror in the war to create an illusion of a legal system
37
How did the leaders of the secret police pursue their own sadistic agendas?
Yagoda deliberately fed Stalin's paranoia for his own power All 3 added to death lists people that stood in their way Yezhov removes NKVD opposition
38
What is a samizdat ?
Something which is self published
39
Which famous scientist did Andropov try to deal with ?
Sakharov Father of soviet hydrogen bomb who then campaigned for nuclear disarmament He was too famous to be sent to repressive psychiatry so was sent to internal exile in Gorky in 1980
40
What happened with Solzhenitsyn ?
He wrote "a day in the life of Ivan Denisovich" which was about a prisoner in a labour camp Khrushchev allowed it as he was initiating destalinisation at the time When he tried to publish his next book it was not allowed to be published
41
What was repressive psychiatry ?
People who criticised the soviet system could be considered mentally ill and send to repressive psychiatry This was done because criminal case files could be made public but medical case files were private. Fhis drew less attention from western press. Also, dissidents could be held indefinitely rather than receive a sentence People were treated with electric shocks and drugs
42
Who wrote a day in the life of Ivan Denisovich
Solzhenitsyn
43
What was the Helsinki accord ?
1975 Human rights law Used by the people to show pressure for change
44
Evidence that there were only a small number of dissidents? | What does this suggest?
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 red square protest 7 people showed up Suggests Andropov was excessive
45
2 examples of people who were sent to repressive psychiatry?
Bukovsky 1967 criticised the government t The editor of the Chronicle of current events
46
What was the chronicle of current events?
Samizdat newspaper criticised human rights abusers It's editor was sent to repressive psychiatry People who ran it were put on show trial in 1972 Yakir+Krasin
47
What did Andropov do with religious dissidents
Refuseniks (Jews not allowed to go to Israel under Stalin) were allowed to go 100,000 potential trouble makers were allowed to go This was justified as 1/5 of journalists and writers were Jews so they were more likely to fm caused trouble
48
What was anti soviet behaviour a sign of ?
"Paranoid reformist delusion" Mentally ill -> REPRESSIVE PSYCHIATRy
49
What was the law and order campaign by Andropov and why was it introduced ?
``` 1979 To attack 3 forms of anti social behaviour Hooliganism Drunkenness Corruption ``` In preparation for the 1980 Olympics If you were seen drunk, you could get arrested!
50
How did Andropov deal with dissidents after 1982?
Increasing monitoring of groups with developing technology -conversations were recorded Economic reform Anti corruption Senior party officials Anti alcoholism -workers could be sacked for drunkenness Anti absenteeism KGB arrested people absent from work
51
What did Andropov do after 1982 in general? To change from Brezhnev ??
Gathering opinions of people -surrounded himself with free speakers and tried to father opinions with visits to Moscow factories. People were still restricted as he was the head of the KGB Promoted the younger generation with experience in low ranks of the party to stop gerontocracy. They were more in touch with daily life
52
When did Andropov get appointed leader and die
1982 | 1984
53
How did Andropov deal with nationalists?
Ukrainians wanted to celebrate 150 year anniversary of poet Zhevchenko They were allowed Literature archive was coincidentally burned down
54
What is avant-garde art?
Revolutionary conceptual art first developed in 1918
55
Why did Lenin's relationship with avant garde art change?
From 1918-1920 Culture was considered less pressing as they were in the civil war Afterwards Lenin considered it dangerous
56
What was Prolekult? What did Lenin do with it?
Supported by Bukharin and Lunacharsky Ran by Bogdanov (Lenin's past rival) Independent organisation free from party control Art lessons for workers to replace bourgeoise art 84,000 members,300 studios by 1920 Lenin believed it was dominated by socialists and anarchists. It was merged with the government. In 1920. Bogdanov arrested 1923
57
What is the commissariat of enlightenment ?
Created 1918 by Lenin to support and encourage artists who used to mass censorship Head = Lunacharsky
58
What is agitprop ? Example? What did Lenin do to control it?
Department in the communist party of agitation propaganda in 1920 It produced avant garde art "Beat the whites with the red edge" Lenin was not a fan of its confusing messages and got it to produce more political art. It was more criticised through the 1920s
59
Example of avant garde art in the theatre and the different reactions of Lenin and Stalin
Meyerhold produced avant garde pageant in 1918 called Mystery Bouffe It was shut down after one performance for being too confusing. Stalin had him executed in 1940
60
What was formalism and why did Stalin attack it ?
"Art for arts sake" It did not serve his political agenda. Art should reflect government priorities rather than creativity
61
What was socialist realism?
1934- all Union congress of soviet fighters developed it - artists developed it ``` It should reflect Proletariat Typical Partisan (promote communist ideas) Representational ```
62
Who was Mayakovsky ?
Poet and designer who made simple graphic propaganda posters in the war Smear campaign against him "down with mayaokovshchina" 1930 Read his poem "at the top of my voice" and was shouted down on stage 1930 "Too obscure" Denounced Killed himself 1930
63
What did Stalin do with avant garde art?
Introduced socialist realism - proletariat - typical - partisan - representational Encouraged the youth to attack bourgeois plays Introduced KPDI in 1936 to target and punish non conforming artists
64
Example of socialist realism art?
"Voting to expel the Kulak from the collective farm" To go with the dekulakisation campaign of Yagoda
65
Who was Shostakovich ?
Composer who conformed after being criticised for lady Macbeth music. Stalin walked out! He then became more conservative But mocked the regime with a subtle irony but was denounced by the Zhdanov decree After Stalin died he released a sassy tenth symphony
66
How did Stalin control cinema ?
October - Eisenstein 1927 Depicted the revolution He was assigned producers so he would not stray to formalism
67
What was the Zhdanov decree? When was it
1946 Zhdanov's attack on cultural dissent Artists should only conform to party wishes
68
What was the doctor's plot?
1953 | Stalin arrests Jewish doctors and accused them of trying to kill. Him
69
What was the Mingrelian affair?
1951 Beria's allies of Mingrelian dissent were killed
70
What book can be used to show an example of thaw under Khrushchev but in a pragmatic and self serving manner
"A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich" Solzhenitsyn Was allowed to be published as destalinisation
71
What book can be used an example of cultural freeze under Khrushchev
"Doctor Zhivago" -Pasternak Refused to be published as it insulted Lenin / communism It was smuggled out to the west and awarded a noble prize which was not allowed to be collected
72
How did Khrushchev show cultural thaw in the theatre
Shostakovich's Lady Mcbeth was allowed to be performed again
73
What happened at the 1957 world youth festival?
Shows cultural freeze Women found having sex with foreign men had their heads shaved and in some cases deported to work on farms
74
How did Khrushchev allow thaw with music
Let America music in! 1955 radio station -"voice of America" However it was being smuggled in before this and he didn't really have a choice as there was growing technology
75
How did Brezhnev send the message that the "thaw" was over ?
Sinyavsky-Daniel trial 1965 They posted poetry criticising Stalin that was allowed in Khrushchev's reign but under Brezhnev 7 years hard labour -Sin 5 years -Dan
76
What was Brezhnev's relationship with art?
Inconsistent 1974 - government paid police to drive bulldozers into exhibition This looked bad in foreign press He then displayed the remainders of the art he had ordered to destroy
77
What happened with the Prague Spring ?
1968 Leader of Czechoslovakia wanted to adapt socialism with a human face and allowed more freedom for the people This led to a protest for democracy which meant the red army were sent in and Dubcek had to resign

History RUSSIA (5 decks)

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