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Theme 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Lenin’s four pragmatically economic policies ?

A

Land decree / workers control
State capitalism
War communism
NEP

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2
Q

What was the land decree and the decree on worker’s control?

A

1917

Gave the peasants land

Placed control of factories into the hands of workers so they face themselves huge pay rises which led to inflation

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3
Q

Why did Lenin Introduce state capitalism?

A

Because peasants (because of decree on worker’s control) gave themselves huge pay rises which led to inflation

Additional -

Lenin wanted to boost the economy again

Lenin said a stage between capitalism and socialism was needed

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4
Q

What was “state capitalism”

A

1917
Bourgeoisie experts are brought back to boost the economy.

To modernises the economy, large industries were nationalised

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5
Q

Why was war communism introduced? (3)

A

To stop hyperinflation

Ideological reasons (Bukharin was anti “state capitalism” as it was ‘anti marxist’)

To win the war

1921

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6
Q

What were the features of war communism?

A 
Abolished private trade 
Large scale nationalisation 
Increased state control of economy 
Re establishment of hierarchies in red army and factories 
Forcible requisitioning of food 
Rationing 
Military style work discipline
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7
Q

What was Vesenkka?

A

Introduced 1917 during state capitalism

Large industries were nationalised

Bourgeoisie experts helped

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8
Q

How did war communism control food?

A

Forcible requisitioning of food to feed industrial workers and soldiers.
People needed to fight were fed

Rationing
Bourgeoise would receive the smallest rations. This was an attempt to remove the class

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9
Q

How did war communism attempt to stop hyperinflation?

A

Abolished private trading

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10
Q

How did war communism increase national efficiency?

5

A

Military style worker discipline
Working day extended to 11 hours
Work was made compulsory for all able bodied men 15-50 (1919)

Large scale nationalisation
of industries of 10+ employees

Reestablishment of hierarchies in the army improved efficiency as the chain of command meant decisions were made quicker

Forcible requisitioning of food

Rationing

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11
Q

What were the 6 effects of war communism?

A

Winning the war

Decline of agricultural production

Decline of industrial production

Political crisis

Mass poverty

Growth of the black market

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12
Q

How did war communism help the Bolsheviks win the civil war?

A

Large scale nationalisation controlled businesses

Red army hierarchies

Food requisitioning

Rationing

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13
Q

What was war communism’s effect on agricultural production? (3)

A

Lack of incentive because of grain requisitioning

Agricultural production 60% of 1913 level

War destroyed farms

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14
Q

What was war communism’s effect on industrial production ? (2)

A

Industrial workforce declined 3 million 1917 to 1.2 million 1922

Large of scale industry = 21% of 1913 level in 1920

Heavy industry 20% of 1913 level

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15
Q

Example of 2 political crises caused by war communism

A

Kronstadt rebellion
TAmbov rebellion
1921

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16
Q

When was the land decree and decree on worker’s councils?

A

1917

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17
Q

When was state capitalism introduced

A

1917

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18
Q

When was war communism introduced ?

A

1918-1921

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19
Q

When was NEP introduced ?

A

1921

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20
Q

How did war communism control food?

A

Forcible requisitioning of food to feed industrial workers and soldiers.
People needed to fight were fed

Rationing
Bourgeoise would receive the smallest rations. This was an attempt to remove the class

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21
Q

How did war communism attempt to stop hyperinflation?

A

Abolished private trading

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22
Q

How did war communism increase national efficiency?

5

A

Military style worker discipline
Working day extended to 11 hours
Work was made compulsory for all able bodied men 15-50 (1919)

Large scale nationalisation
of industries of 10+ employees

Reestablishment of hierarchies in the army improved efficiency as the chain of command meant decisions were made quicker

Forcible requisitioning of food

Rationing

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23
Q

What were the 6 effects of war communism?

A

Winning the war

Decline of agricultural production

Decline of industrial production

Political crisis

Mass poverty

Growth of the black market

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24
Q

How did war communism help the Bolsheviks win the civil war?

A

Large scale nationalisation controlled businesses

Red army hierarchies

Food requisitioning

Rationing

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25
Q

Example of 2 political crises caused by war communism

A

Kronstadt rebellion
TAmbov rebellion
1921

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26
Q

When was the land decree and decree on worker’s councils?

A

1917

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27
Q

When was state capitalism introduced

A

1917

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28
Q

When was war communism introduced ?

A

1918-1921

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29
Q

When was NEP introduced ?

A

1921

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30
Q

How many people died because of war communism?

A

6 million people

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31
Q

What happened to the black market in war communism ?

A

60% of food was brought on the black market

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32
Q

When was NEP introduced?

A

1921

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33
Q

Why was NEP introduced. (3)

A

Economic collapse
-effects of war communism
Like- 60% food came from black market
Industrial workforce declined 3 million (1917) to 1.2 million 1922

Social collapse
20 million died in 1920s
6 million killed in famine

Political crisis
Tambov + Kronstadt 1921

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34
Q

What did Lenin say about NEP ?

A

“One step backwards, two steps forward”

It was to be a short term measure but he didn’t specify how long it would last for

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35
Q

What did NEP mean for industry ?

A

Unlike war communism, where businesses with over 10 people were nationalise , small scale industry (less than 20 people employed) returned to private ownership

In state owned factories, you would get paid for what you produced (PURE CAPITALISM)

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36
Q

What did NEP do about grain?

A

Ended grain requisitioning

Peasants paid tax in grain and could sell what was left to make profit

No forced collectivisation

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37
Q

What did private trading, the end of grain requisitioning and end of collectivisation in NEP lead to?

A

Growth of “NEPmen” and kulaks who became richer under NEP

Led to the grain requisitioning crisis of 1927

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38
Q

What were the consequences of NEP with grain production?

A

ENDED FAMINE

1921 38 million tons of grain
1926 77 million tons

39
Q

Why did NEP lead to a industrial growth followed by plateau in 1926-1928?

A

Tax from peasants meant more money could be put into reopening factoiries. Market nearly reached pre-1913 levels

Taxing peasants didn’t provide sufficient funds to build large scale factories

40
Q

How did NEP effect political debates?

A

Bukharin - pro NEP
Zinoviev and Kamonev and Trotsky - anti NEP

Lenin didn’t specify how long NEP would go on for so it caused debate in the power struggle after he died

Stalin - pragmatically pro NEP until 1927 when industrial growth plateaued. He then turned against it to eliminate Bukharin

41
Q

What three reasons did Stalin launch his 3 five year plans ?

A

Economic reasons
Political reasons
Ideological reasons

42
Q

When and where was NEP ended ?

A

1927

15th party congress

43
Q

What were the economical reasons for launching Stalin’s 3 five year plans ? (2)

A

He flat that organised production would eliminate the NEP men

Stalin claimed the USSR were 100 years behind the west

44
Q

What were the political reasons for the 3 five year plans? (3)

A

To make Russia prepared for war with Germany. There was a war scare in 1927

He wanted to get Bukharin out of the way by criticising NEP

He wanted to launch the industrial revolution as Lenin launched the political revolution

45
Q

What were the ideological reasons behind Stalin launching the 3 five year plans?

A

People were angry about NEPmen caused by the capitalist elements of NEP which was only supposed to be a short term measure

46
Q

How did Stalin show that NEPmen would not be tolerated as he first started his five year plans ?

A

Shakhty show trial 1928

NEPmen and bourgeoisie experts were put on trial

47
Q

How did Stalin create a ‘command economy’ rather than a ‘planned economy’ ?

A

It didn’t react to demand

The government decide what people need rather than the free market which reacts to the demands of what the people want

48
Q

What was gosplan?

A

Feature of Stalin’s five year plans

It would set overall targets for industry.
Quotas would be passed down to factories

49
Q

What were the targets of the five year plans? (4)

A

Rapid industrialisation
State control of the economy
Rapid rearmament
Secure political power

50
Q

When and what was stalin’s first five year plan?

A 
1928-32
Rapid industrialisation 
Magnitogorsk -city built for industrial output 
200 people -1920s 
Hundreds of thousands -1930s

Harsh methods were counterproductive and targets unrealistic

51
Q

When and what was Stalin’s second five year plan?

A

1933-1937
Focus on transport
Labour productivity increased - Stakhanovite propaganda campaign
E.g. Electricity production increased 50%

52
Q

When and what was stalin’s third five year plan?

A

38-41

Focused on rearmament
1940, one third of government spending was dedicated to rearmament

53
Q

What were the positive outcomes of the first 3 five year plans

A

50% productivity increase in electricity

Rapid indistrialisation I.e. Magnitogorsk 100,000 people by 1930s. City built for industrial output

Steel increase-1927- 4 million tonnes
1940 - 18.3 million tonnes

54
Q

What happened with the first 3 five year plans with disorganisation?

A

40% of what was produced in some industries was wasted

-COMMAND ECONOMY IS BAD

55
Q

What happened with steel in the first 3 five year plans?

A

1927 - 4 million tonnes
1940 - 18.3 million

Despite this
Useless pig iron was produced
1927- 3.3 million
1940 -14.9 million

56
Q

What happened with quality of living in the first three five year plans ?

A

Lack of consumer goods
1938 6000 people queue for clothes shop
COMMAND ECONOMY

black market continues

Housing is poor
In one district in Moscow, there was no running water 659,000 people!

57
Q

When was collectivisation launched ?

A

1928

58
Q

What were stalin’s main economic reasons for launching collectivisation?

A

Economic
- rapid industrialisation meant more food was needed for the cities (grain requisitioning crisis)
Grain surpluses were required to sell abroad
- new was failing
-economies of scale was good in theory

59
Q

What were stalin’s main ideological reasons for launching collectivisation?

A
  • eliminate the kulakfs
  • private property = capitalism
  • kulaks blamed from grain requisitioning crisis
60
Q

What was the political reason for collectivisation?

A

Adopting the policy of collectivisation helped eliminate Bukharin

61
Q

What was the grain requisitioning crisis?

A

1927
Not enough grain was getting to the cities that were supposed to be rapidly industrialised
There was not enough to sell abroad

Kulaks were blamed for hiring grain

62
Q

Outline what happened in collectivisation before the opposition?

A

Fifteenth party congress 1927- voluntary collectivisation

Emergency grain requisitioning 1928

Liquidise kulaks

Collective farms introduced (kolkhoz) people were encouraged to sign up

Machine and tractor stations created (MTS) provided new machinery and equipment

63
Q

When was collectivisation introduced under Stalin?

A

1927 fifteenth party congress

Then again 1931

64
Q

Who did Stalin blame for the grain requisitioning crisis?

A

Kulaks

65
Q

What were MTS?

A

Machine and tractor stations that provided machinery and lectures

Once enough people had signed up, they could seize animals and buildings

66
Q

When was emergency grain requisitioning introduced ?

A

1928

67
Q

When were collective farms announced?

A

1929

68
Q

What did Stalin do when collectivisation led to violent opposition?

A

25,000ers sent in to organise. Refusal to comply would result in being sent to gulags or other parts of the USSR

OGPU and red army crushed opposition

Bombed by Air Force and barns are set on fire

69
Q

Who did Stalin blame for the killings in collectivisation ? Then what does he do?

A

25,000ers

He stops collectivisation for 6 months then restarts it again in 1931

70
Q

What was a success of collectivisation with urbanisation ?

A

1926-17% Russians in cities

1939-34%

71
Q

What was the human cost of collectivisation?

A

Dekulakisation -6 million deaths

Famine
Ukraine -6 million starved
Kazakh - 1 1/2 million starved

72
Q

How did Stalin deal with the famines of collectivisation?

A

Stalin refused international aid and government refused to recognise the famine

73
Q

What happenEd with grain in collectivisation?

A

Grain exports went up but grain production went down. The government also procured more grain!
This resulted in famines

Grain production
1930-1933 84 million tonnes to 68 million tonnes

Grain exports
Rose from less than 1 million in 1938 to 5 million in 1931

Grain requisitioning - fed towns and army
1928-10.8 million tonnes
1933 - 22.6 million tonnes

74
Q

How far did collectivisation control agriculture

A

By 1942, 99% of soviet farms were collectivised

75
Q

Which plans helped Stalin rebuild the post war economy

A

The fourth and fifth five year plans

76
Q

How did the fourth and fifth year plans enable Stalin to rebuild the post war economy with agriculture ?

A

1952- agriculture reaches pre war levels

Investment under 3%

77
Q

How did the fourth and fifth five year plans help Stalin rebuild the post war economy with industry?

A

Heavy industry output increased by 80%

But it took up 88% of investment

78
Q

What did the fourth and fifth five year plans focus on?

A

Military spending and heavy industry

79
Q

How much of the government budget did military spending take up in stalin’s fourth and fifth five year plans ?

A

Nearly a quarter

80
Q

What was the effect of Stalin’s investment on heavy industry and military spending in his fourth and fifth five year plans on standard of living

A

Only 12% investment in food production meant there was a lack of food

Reconstructed Kiev quickly but little was done to help 25 million people made homeless by the war. He focused on rebuilding the big cities

81
Q

What were the 3 things Khrushchev did with agriculture?

A

Virgin lands scheme 1953
Corn campaign 1958
Reintroduced incentives for farmers

82
Q

What happened with Khrushchev’s investment in agriculture ?

A

Changed it from 3% to 12.8%

In 1960 after failed schemes , he reduced it to 2%

83
Q

What was the virgin lands scheme ?

A

1953

Mass irrigation
18 million hectares -> 97 million hectares

However produced 1/6 of the output of USA

1958 - decline in agricultural production!
1960/64 slight rise (15%)

84
Q

What was the corn campaign?

A

1958

Growing Maize
Based on American model

Climates in certain parts of the ussr were unsuitable
Consequently , ussr produce half (50%) of what USA produce

Animal feed drops 30%

85
Q

What did Khrushchev do with incentives? Agriculture

A

Lowered quotas and paid more for produce

Income rose 250%

86
Q

How did Khrushchev create administrative confusion in agriculture

A

Continuous reform of ministries

87
Q

How did Khrushchev create administrative confusion with industry?

A

Changed targets of the plan in 1962

88
Q

What did Khrushchev do to industry?

A

60% increase in consumer goods
But command economy meant goods were too expensive or not what the public wanted as the command economy does not react to demand

Over ambitious targets
Fertiliser increased 19 million but was 3.3 million behind target

89
Q

What was Brezhnev’s approach to reform ?

A

Hostile!
Didn’t want to upset cadres as that was one of the reasons Khrushchev was removed in 1964
‘Trust in cadres’

Accepted black market
“Revolution is over”

90
Q

What did Brezhnev do to the black market?

A

Accepted it

91
Q

What did Brezhnev actively do to stop reform ? (2)

A

Kosygin reforms
1965

Reforms launched to increase productivity with incentives to factory managers and to ensure cost/profit focus rather than quantity were watered down by Brezhnev

Kosygin was sidelined by 1968

He reversed industry and agriculture split

92
Q

What happened with inefficiency under Brezhnev

A

12% of machines were never used

93
Q

What was the military industrial complex ?

A

Soaked up 18% of resources

Powerful military personnel could direct money to the military without consulting the politburo

History RUSSIA (5 decks)

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