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Theme 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Marx and Engels ideas on how to achieve communism

A

Primitive communism
Pre agriculture with hunting and tribes

Feudalism
Peasants and lords are established from agriculture

Capitalism
Industrial revolution
Factory owners and factory workers (bourgeoise and proletariat)

Socialism
In between stage between capitalism and communism

Communism
Full equality and dependence on the state

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2
Q

Who replaced the Tsar in Feb 1917?

A

Provisional government

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3
Q

Why did the Tsar abdicate in February 1917? (reasons with evidence)

A

Blame for unequal distribution of wealth
They were blamed for 80% of the population being peasants
Nobility made up 1% of the population but owned 25% of the land

Unprepared for war
They sent troops to war without guns or boots. They were horrendously unprepared

Decisions of who were in charge in war
During the war he left his German wide and Rasputin (magic healer) in charge who were not liked

Caused hyperinflation and food riots in 1917 ( short term reason for abdication )

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4
Q

Why were Rasputin and the Tsar’s wife not liked in the war?

A

They were in charge

Rasputin was not liked by the nobles as he took their jobs as advisors to the tsar

The tsar’s wife was not liked as she was German and their was anti-German feeling

This contributed to the people’s negative view of the Tsar and why people were open to the idea of the Bolsheviks being in charge

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5
Q

What was the main failure of the provisional government?

A

Kept Russia in WW1

Russia suffered a massive loss in the June offensive

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6
Q

Fact about the violence of the revolution?

A

More people died in the film version than the actual revolution

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7
Q

How many members did the Bolsheviks have in 1917?

A

300,000

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8
Q

What was vanguardism and why was it introduced

A

If dedicated revolutionaries formed a party to promote communist ideas and educate the working class, they will rise up against the tsarist system

This was introduced as Lenin believed the proletariat were too weak

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9
Q

What did Lenin do with other parties ?

A

Banned right wing groups that wanted to restore the Tsar

Denied sharing power with Mensheviks and SRs

At the constituent assembly the SRs got the majority of seats so it was shut down 
Middle class were prohibited from voting as it was feared they would vote for SRs 
SRs walked out after treaty of Brest Litovsk

All other parties officially banned 1921
Trial of SRs 1922

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10
Q

What was the treaty of Brest Litovsk? And what was the reaction ?

A

One third of the population were given away
32% agriculture
54% industry
89% coal mines

Reaction - 
SRs walked out 
People who served in the war felt betrayed 
He was thought as being too soft 
This prompted he civil war
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11
Q

Why did Lenin sign the treaty of Brest Litovsk?

A

It would achieve the “peace” he promised

So he could focus on Bolshevik power

Russian army did not want to fight for the Tsar or Bolsheviks

He wanted to end the war which was the downfall of provisional government

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12
Q

What was the ten party congress and how did it consolidate power?

A

1921

Lenin banned the formation of factions in the party
- this was called “on party unity”

It consolidated power and strengthened leadership as anyone that disagreed with Lenin could be classed as forming a faction and they would be banned

It eliminated debate in the party and strengthened his position as leader

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13
Q

How did membership for the Bolshevik party increase in the civil war?

A

300,000 -730,000

1917-1921

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14
Q

What prompted the ten party congress ?

A

Increasing anxiety over the Bolshevik hold of Russia

1921 Kronstadt rebellion
Sailors rebelled against Bolsheviks which was shocking as the sailors supported Bolsheviks during the civil war

1922 Tambov revolt
Large scale peasant revolt against grain requisitioning

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15
Q

What happened in the civil war?

A

1918-1921

Whites vs reds

Whites could not agree on anything as they were only united against a common enemy

Trotsky was commissar for war and won them the war
By - forced conscription

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16
Q

Who were the whites in the civil war

A 
Conservatives - wanted the Tsar
Liberals- unhappy with treaty of Brest Litovsk 
National minorities 
Mensheviks 
SRs
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17
Q

Who supported the reds in the war?

A

Workers as they thought the Bolsheviks would help them

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18
Q

How did the civil war help Lenin to consolidate power?

A

Lenin was able to establish more control over Russia

As he began “ruling by decree” as he needed to make quick decisions so he only listened to the politburo

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19
Q

What workers organisations were set up at the time of revolution? And what did the Bolsheviks do to them?
What was the significance of this?

A

Soviets (worker’s councils)
Trade unions
Factory committees

Bolsheviks increasingly took power away from these types of organisations

This is significant as the Bolsheviks claimed to represent the proletariat and yet increasingly reduced their power

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20
Q

What were the two rebellions in 1921? Why are they significant.

A

Kronstadt mutiny - sailors uprising

Tambov uprising - about grain requisitioning

  • prompted the 10th Party Congress so Lenin could have more control
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21
Q

Which groups in the proletariat did the Bolsheviks take power away from?

A

Worker’s councils
Trade unions
Factory committees

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22
Q

What was Lenin able to do in war which enabled him to centralise his power?

A

“Ruling by decree”

- make quick decisions so only listened to politburo

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23
Q

When did Russia become a one party state ?

A

Constituent assembly of 1918 was the last real election.
It was shut down.
Remaining SRs walked out after treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1921 - srs and Mensheviks officially removed

Other parties are gone!

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24
Q

What did Lenin consolidate power with terror?

A

Cheka introduced!

1917-1923, 300,000 people were executed by the Cheka

Chitska 1918
People were removed from party but we’re not killed. Cheka were used to find out who to purge.

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25
Q

What system increased bureaucracy and helped Lenin centralise power

A

Office jobs grew to aid communist party control that were well paid

Nomenklatura
- list of approved members suitable for high paid jobs

It encouraged loyalty by adding a financial incentive.

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26
Q

What did Lenin do to centralised power with getting his land back?

A

Told communist friends in areas to start riots so he could send in the red army and take over

This created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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27
Q

When did Lenin die ?

A

1924

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28
Q

When was the power struggle after lenin’s death?

A

1924-1929

29
Q

Who were the five main contenders to replace Lenin ?

A

Trotsky
Zinoviev and Kamenev
Stalin
Bukharin

30
Q

Outline the power struggle to replace Lenin

A

1 Stalin allies with Zinoviev and Kamonev to criticise Trotsky’s ideas of world revolution
(Triumvirate) 24-25

2 Stalin and Bukharin rule together and criticise Zinoviev and Kamonev 26

3 Trotsky and Zinoviev and Kamonev form a united opposition 26-27

4 it is too late. Stalin switches stance on NEP and critiques it along with Bukharin 28-29

31
Q

What four main reasons did Stalin come to power ?

A

Stalin’s control of party machinery

Trotsky’s political errors

Stalin’s political tactics

Stalin’s use of alliances to remove rivals

32
Q

How did Stalin control party machinery to win the power struggle ?

A

He was appointed general secretary so

  • he could bribe people with the nomenklatura
  • he could monitor and gain information on anyone
  • he could control and direct debates
  • he had power of patronage so could appoint party officials
33
Q

How did Trotsky’s political errors enable Stalin to win the power struggle ?

A

He had ideas of “permanent revolution” when people were sick of war

He attacked bureaucracy by saying he would scrap those jobs so people in those jobs didn’t vote for him

He was unwilling to use his power base in the red army so ended up losing it to the politburo

He was considered western and anti Russian

34
Q

What did Stalin suggest in alternative to Trotsky’s ideas?

A

Permanent revolution - Trotsky
Socialism in one country - Stalin

Anti NEP - primitive socialist accumulator

35
Q

What was primitive socialist accumulation

A

The concept was proposed as a means to industrialize the Russian economy of the era through state capitalism, because the Russian economy was too underdeveloped to implement socialism at the time.

36
Q

How did stalin’s political tactics enable him to win the power struggle

A
  • convinced Zinoviev and Kamenev to suppress Lenin’s testament which criticised Stalin
  • avoided angry party debates to appear a safe choice
  • appearance to be man of the proletariat (Lenin enrolment 1924)
  • cult of Lenin
37
Q

How did Stalin’s use of shifting alliances to remove rivals allow him to win the power struggle.

A

Triumvirate 1924-1925 zin+kam+Stalin criticise Trotsky
He is removed
Duumvirate 1926 -Stalin and Bukharin attack Zin and Kam
They are removed
United opposition 1926-1927 formed with Trotsky, Zin and Kam is too late
1928-1928- Stalin criticises NEP and Bukharin
He is removed

38
Q

What was NEP and when was it introduced.

A

Introduced 1921

Partial restoration of some capitalism to create economic growth and public support

39
Q

What happened between Lenin and Stalin in 1923?

A

Stalin told Lenin’s wife not to interfere in the party and called her a syphilitic whore

Lenin then added a condemnation of Stalin to his testament

40
Q

What did Stalin do in 1924 to gain power ?

A

Lenin enrolment 1924

- 1 million members added to the party who supported his ideas

41
Q

When and how did Trotsky die

A

1941

Assassinated with an ICEPICK

42
Q

When did Stalin become the undisputed leader?

A

1929

43
Q

What happened in 1932 which is used as evidence Stalin was not a personal dictator at this time ?

A

Ryutin affair
He released a pamphlet criticising Stalin.
Stalin wanted him executed.
The politburo led by Kirov said N O

44
Q

What happened in 1934? Why was this a major turning point

A

Kirov won more votes than Stalin in the Congress Of Victors
He was told my old Bolsheviks to try to replace Stalin but he did not and told Stalin which fed his paranoia

In October 1934 Kirov was assassinated. It is unclear whether or not Stalin did it but
- he insisted on interrogating the man himself
-1st December decree meant anyone in connection to his death could be killed
- he arrested Zinoviev and Kamonev
- took power away from sub committees
It allowed him to become a personal dictator by 1936

45
Q

What were stalin’s two major purges. What enabled him to switch to the other?

A

Chitska 1932-1935 - peaceful purges. Centralise power

1934 - Kirov+ first of December decree
1936 - personal dictator

1936-1938- Yezhovchina !

46
Q

When did Stalin become a personal dictator and why?

A

1934 - turning point
- arrested Zin and Kam

1936- show trial of Zin and Kam.
Stalin’s major opponents were defeated and power was centralised.
He was then able to introduce Yezhovchina
PERSONAL DICTATOR
- he didn’t have the power to launch mass terror until the show trial removed final opposition

47
Q

What were the three trials in Yezhovchina.

A

1936 - trial of sixteen
Zinoviev and Kamonev

1937-trial of seventeen
People that criticised the five year plan were accused of working for Trotsky

1938- trial of eighteen
Bukharin

48
Q

What was stalin’s first show trial?

A

Shakhty Trial 1928

Factory managers that didn’t agree with his five year plan had to confess to ridiculous things

49
Q

Yezhovchina stats ?

A

Targets -35-45 year old men

Purge of red army
3/5 marshals
14/16 commanders

50
Q

What did Stalin do in the war?

A

Alliance of church and state
27 million died

Stalin’s terror declined to focus on the war

51
Q

What was Stalin’s status after the war ?

A

Reputation and territory increased

Stalinism took up 1/6 of the globe

52
Q

What did Stalin do after the war ?

A

Leningrad affair
1949-51

Mingrelian affair 1951
Attacked Beria’s allies

Doctor’s plot 1953
Jewish doctors are accused of trying to kill him

53
Q

When did Stalin die?

A

1953

54
Q

When was the leadership struggle after stalin’s death?

A

1953-1955

55
Q

Who were the 3 main contenders after stalin’s death

A

Malenkov - prime minister
Beria - head of secret police
Khrushchev - party secretary

56
Q

How did Beria try to gain power?

A

Released 1 million prisoners from the doctor’s plot.

57
Q

What happened to Beria? When?

How was it significant?

A

1953
Executed for treason
- giving soviet secrets to the British

-ushered an era of socialist legality

58
Q

What happened to Malenkov?

A

Removed from Presidium 1957

Exiled 1961

59
Q

When and what was Khrushchev’s first wave of destabilisation ?

A

1956 - 20th party congress - secret speech to congress

Criticised Stalin

  • cult of personality
  • terror
  • control of art
  • suppression of minorities
60
Q

How effective was Khrushchev’s De-stalinisation in terms of use of terror ?

A

Change
Socialist legality
Anti party group were sacked not killed
Secret police under control

Continuities
Beria killed
Police surveillance sophisticated

61
Q

What happened with the anti party group and why was it significant ?

A

1957
Presidium voted to replace Khrushchev but he argued that the decision could only be made by members of the central committee

The members of the anti party group were then sacked

This is significant as it suggests destalinisation in terms of political terror was successful

  • senior communists would no longer use political terror against eachother
  • recognised that support of the party leader depended on support from the party
62
Q

How effective was Khrushchev in bringing fundamental change to party structure ?

A 
Successful
-decentralisation
6.9 million -1954
11 million - 1964
Expanded party to make it more democratic

Presidium and central committee were able to remove Khrushchev in 1964

Not successful
There were not more new votes. Not a complete change from Stalin who also increased membership with Lenin enrolment 1923
Khrushchev introduced
3 year tenure and industry / agriculture split was reversed by Brezhnev

63
Q

How far did Khrushchev bring about fundamental change with personality cults

A

Attacked in secret speech of 1956

However Khrushchev and Brezhnev developed there own cults to a less extent so it is a continuity

64
Q

When was Khrushchev removed from power? What happened with that ?

A

1964
Removed by CC and presidium

Not killed
-lives in countryside

65
Q

How long did Brezhnev rule for?

A

18 years

66
Q

How did Brezhnev try to please party members?

What effect did this have?

A

Removes 3 year tenure and agriculture/ industry split
“Trust in cadres”

Led to gerontocracy - old men running the country
- as Brezhnev didn’t replace anyone

Trust in cadres meant cadres wouldn’t do much as they knew they wouldn’t be sacked- stagnation

67
Q

What was the significance of Brezhnev’s rule ?

A

Era of stagnation guaranteed change when he died

68
Q

Evidence for growth of Gerontocracy in Brezhnev’s reign

A

1984- 7/11 members of politburo were over 70

Meetings were reduced to 40 mins as old men couldn’t hack it

History RUSSIA (5 decks)

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