Theme 3: Economic development Flashcards
• Water supply in a country or area
-N.China :high risk of water shortage,
big cities such as Beijing,Tianjin and Shanghai faces extreme risk
most S.Chinese provinces no water scarcity.
most China’s agricultural activities is located in the N but the main supply of water is from the S,
there is a complicated network of diversion canal which aims to transfer water the wet south to the dry North.
61% agriculture
24%Industry
13% municipal
2% replenishmnet
Solar pros/cons
advantages - clean form of energy - infinite - Panels can be used locally e.g. on top of house - used to heat water and generate electricity disadvantages - expensive to make solar panels - sun does not shine all the time - Not every country gets adequate levels of sun - can't be used at night - hard store surplus energy - Supply does not always equal demand
describe Tidal energy
Using the incoming and outgoing motion of the tide to generate electricity.
describe solar power
Using the power of the sun to heat water or generate electricity.
Tidal energy
pros/cons
It is a clean form of energy
It is an infinite resource, tides happen twice a day.
Ideal for island countries
energy supply of sweden
Majority of electricity production of Sweden relies on hydropower and nuclear. 9 reactor in 3 power plant: 46% hydropower but varies on seasons. 42% nuclear 10% fossil fuel 2% wind power
instability of oil prices in 1960s-70s
increase in hydropower, nuclear
increase in security of supply.
NUCLEAR
3 power plant, making it the only country that has more than reactor per million inhabitant.
😁 meet very high demand (one of the world biggest consumption
😁 replacement for oil, wait for sources to develope
helps to be “one of the first fossil fuel-free welfare states in the world.
😁.No air pollution or a contributor of global warming
😡 initial setup costs
😡average lifespan of 40 years, 4 older reactors are due to close by the end of this decade
😡 process of decommissioning or reconstruction.
😡 human errors ,In June 2005, radioactive water was detected leaking from the nuclear waste store in Forsmark (caseium was 10x higher than normal value)
hydropower plant: all over countries;large locates in Lule rive, norhtern
😁.Unlike nuclear power,hydropower is much easier to regulate:increase or decrease production according to need.
😁 safe
😁 emission-free
😁 produce renewable electricity.
😡 affect the nearby environment/ecological system
😡costly to set up-> construction of new hydro plants have largely ceased on account of environmental and political consideration.
Future activity is likely to be involved with the modernisation and refurbishment of existing plant
pros/ cons of Hydroelectric power
😁 safe 😁 emission-free 😁 produce renewable electricity. 😁 prevent flooding. 😁 easy to regulate
😡 nearby environment/ecological system 😡 costly to set up 😡 only on suitable rivers 😡 resettlement 😡 reduce deposition of alluvium downstream 😡 flood large areas of land
disadvantage of nuclear power
😡 human errors
😡 risk become terrorist targets
😡 technology make nuclear weapons. North Korea
😡 Transport nuclear material/ waste is risky expensive
😡 limited life period and the
😡 cost of decommissioning
😡 People don’t want nuclear power stations built near
😡 Mining for uranium is dangerous and can be polluting.
😡 Nuclear waste remains radioactive for thousands of years
advantage of nuclear power
😁 technology already exists.
😁 plentiful supply of uranium, enough for hundreds years
😁 low air pollution or a contributor of global warming .
😁 reduces on dependency oil
😁Nuclear waste can be safely stored underground
😁 supply of electricity can be altered depending on the demand.
define Renewable energy
Energy that is naturally occurring and potentially infinite.
describe a drought
North China plain: 8 provinces - most vital agricultural regions of China, heavily affected
ARGICULTURE
20% farmland
food production unable to keep up with the increasing demand from its population.
WATER SHORTAGE
4.2mil: domestic needs such as cleaning, cooking and drinking are sometimes interrupted.
DIRECT ECONOMIC PRO: 2.3 billion USD.
difficult to have a thriving economy when freshwater is not easily accessible for industrial, farming, and individual use.
LACK OF FRESHWATER
Production of water-intensive goods is limited like cars, food, and clothing could be limited by lack of freshwater resources.
worker productivity by causing illnesses and higher water costs for individuals can reduce household disposable income.
South–North Water Transfer Project of china
South–North Water Transfer Project
A infrastructure mega-project
channel 45 billion m3 of fresh water annually from the Yangtze River in S.China to arid/industrialized N through three canal systems
The central route runs from Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han river, a tributary of the Yangtze River, to Beijing.
The middle route built accross North China Plain.
raises height of Danjiangkou dam by increase dam crest elevation, allowing gravity to pushe flow of the water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir to Beijing, without need for pumping stations.
😡 project was expected to be completed around 2010. Final completion was in 2014 (to built environmental protections)
😡 resettlement of 330,000 persons live near Danjiangkou Reservoir
