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Geography IGCSE 2017 > quick fix > Flashcards

quick fix Flashcards

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1
Q

Rain gauch

A
  1. Collecting jar with funnel
  2. Water poured into measuring
  3. Put out in open area
  4. Not sheltered by buildings, trees
  5. Buried in grass
  6. Take measurement every 24h
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2
Q

Stevenson screen:

A

white —> reflect sunlights, allow air to circulate easily
Place 1m above ground —>
In open space/ unsheltered form trees, buildings
Wood —> doesn’t conduct electricity
Statted —> allow easy air circulation
Double boảding —> prevent sun radiation
In shade —>measure temp of air

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3
Q

altitude

A

temp decrease one degree for every 100m

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4
Q

Hot desert hot? Explain

A 
Rain shadow effect
Distance from sea/ landlocked
Cold ocean current
Hadley cells
wind direction
angle of suns
descending air(dry)
air pressure

No condensation
No transpiration/ evaporation

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5
Q

Beach management

A
  • Hard engineering: sea wall, gabians, grounds
  • Soft engineering: beach nourishment, artificial reefs
  • —> Improve public awareness and appreciation of sea resources
    (e. g) main school board allows students to have “hands in” experience
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6
Q

Describe amazon rainforest climate

A 
High rainfall all year
Each hot day followed by heavy rainfall
High humidity
2000mm of rain water or more
Avr temp 30C
High temp through out year
No season
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7
Q

Explain amazon rainforest climate

A 
low atmospheric pressure
Rising air large amt of evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Convectional rainfall
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8
Q

Vegetation in desert

A 
Scattered/sparese/ not much vegetation
Scrubs/bushes
Cacti
Plant with spiky/narrow leaves
Little variety of vegattion
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9
Q

rain shadow effects Sahara

A

The Atlas Mountains enhance the aridity of the northern part desert.

  • major mountain ranges act as a barrier
  • -> a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.

Air is forced to rise over mountains, air cools and condensation occurs, rain falls over the mountains, dry air sinks down the other side of the mountain.

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10
Q

ITCZ and Sahara

A

the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ, in the southern Sahara Desert prevents moisture from reaching the area

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11
Q

cold ocean current

A

cool air and makes it harder to hold moisture.Most moisture falls as rain before it reaches the land

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12
Q

high pressure

A

creating cloud free conditions

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13
Q

Weather

A

Weather is how the atmosphere is behaving on a day to day basis

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14
Q

ecosystem

A

an area that contains organisms interacting with one and others and their physical environment

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15
Q

altitude in rainforest

A

suns ray are more concentrated at the equator as they hit the earth

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16
Q

prevailing winds

A

certain pattern of winds

  • movement of wind starts of equators where its hottest
  • oversea, winds pick up moisture
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17
Q

ocean current

A
  1. hot ocean current warms winter in coastal region
    col ocean current cool summer in coastal region
  • ocean heats up/ cool down slower than land
  • -> bringing warmer climate/cooler climate

cold current: more dense/heavier

  • make it harder to hold moisture
  • moisture fall b4 get to land

warm current

  • holds more moisture
  • causes evaporation
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18
Q

latitude

A 
distance form equator
1. temp drops further away from equator
   due to earth's curvance
2. closer to poles 
   sunlights had to pass large SA of atmosphere
 --> more dispersed/ energy loss
   --> temp is lower
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19
Q

air pressure dessert

A

→warm air rises at equator, and cools
→ since cold air holds less water, precipitates at equator
→ dry air then moves N&S and get to N30 and get S30, sinks
*→ air is dry, no condensation→ no rain

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20
Q

rain shadow effect

A

→ hot rising air cools as approaches mountain(high altitude/ high temp)\
(as air is forced to rise over mountain
→ dry air sinks down other side of mountain

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21
Q

destructive

A
  • plate slide toward each other

- one comes under

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22
Q

focus

A

where earthquake occur

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23
Q

epic centre

A

the point directly above focus

where earthquake occurs

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24
Q

seismic waves

A

a wave, vibration which travels within the earth

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25
Q

effects of earthquakes

A
  • deaths
  • destruction to homes
  • damage to possensions/cars
  • damage to roads/railways/bridges
  • loss of electricity/ gas/ telephone lines
  • contamination of water supplies
  • fires
  • disruption to business
  • economic collapses
  • loss of jobs
  • food shortages/death of livestocks
  • government buildings
  • damage to specific buildings
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26
Q

collision boundary

A
  • Convection currents in the mantle pull two plates of continental crust together.
  • Since both crusts are made of the same material and have equal density neither subducts. They crumple up.
  • This process creates fold mountains. There are no volcanoes at these boundaries but earthquakes occur.
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27
Q

vent

A

the passage in a volcano in which magma travels

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28
Q

pyroclastic flow

A

fast moving clouds of ash and hot steam that races down slope of volcano

29
Q

magma

A

molten rock inside volcano

30
Q

lava

A

molten rock outside volcano

31
Q

instrument that measures vibrations in the earth

A

seismometer

32
Q

stratovolcano/composite volcano

A
  • alternating layers of lava and ash (other volcanoes just consist of lava).
  • destructive
  • eruptions: pyroclastic flow rather than a lava flow.( mix of hot steam, ash, rock, dust)
    A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400°C.
33
Q

shield volcano

A
  • at constructive p.b
  • low, gently sloping sides.
  • formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.
  • Eruptions : frequent but relatively gentle.
  • made of lava
34
Q

crater

A

created after an eruption blows the top off the volcano

35
Q

magma chamber

A

where magma is stored

36
Q

primary vent

A

main vent is the main outlet for the magma to escape

37
Q

Secondary vents

A

smaller outlets through which magma escapes

38
Q

lahars

A

mudflow of ash

39
Q

mantle

A
  • thickest section of the earth
  • d: 2900km.
  • semi-molten, but in reality the top is hard rock and as you near the outer core it is beginning to melt (magma).
  • Convection currents here
40
Q

destructive plate boundary

A
  • oceanic/ continental collide
  • denser oceanic is forced under
  • frictions causes oceanic to melt–> magma
  • continental plate cannot destroyed –> forced up to make fold mountain
  • maga rises thorough cracks in fold mountain
41
Q

collision plate boundary

A
  • 2 continental plate
  • as neither plate is destroyed
    → forced upward and downward
    upward sections → fold mountains
    downward section → mountain roots
  • massive build up pf friction and pressure → huge earthquake
    ( no plate destroyed- no magma)
42
Q

conservative plate boundary

A
  • two continental plates move alongside each other
  • no plate forced up or down → no major landform
    -HUGE EARTHQUAKE,
    build up of pressure
    San Andreas Fault( North American plate and Pacific plates)
43
Q

constructive plate boundary

A
  • two oceanic plates moving apart
  • creates a gap where magma rises
  • new crust is formed when magma meets ocean
    (- no earthquake no build up of pressure)
    Midocean ridges
    *lahards
44
Q

method to reduce impact of earthquake

A
  • earthquake resistant building
  • emergency plans
  • earthquake drills
  • tsunami warning
45
Q

method to reduce impact of volcano

A 
PREDICTIO/PREPARATION
- starlight monitors: temp/ shape, ash
- sulfur dioxide and CO2 level
- seismometer: record earthquake as magma rises to fill volcano
-

PREPARATION

  • evacuation services: ready to respond
  • diverting channel
  • emergency supplies
46
Q

pros of tourism

A
  • provide leisures opprotunities
  • Increases income of other businesses that supply tourist industry
  • main contributor to GDOP
47
Q

growth of tourism

A
  • flight become cheaper
  • hotel/resorts more affordable
  • people becomes wealthier
  • longer holiday leaves
  • increased amt of disposable income
  • mass media: adv
48
Q

reason for tourism growth in LEDC

A

new destination
exchange rates: holiday cheaper
- ad/ease of booking
- transport

49
Q

globalization

A

increasing interconnection of the world as a result of massively increasing trade/ cultural exchange

50
Q

weather

A

daily changes in the atmosphere which provide different conditions

51
Q

climate

A

the avr type of weather in a specific region receiver over a year

52
Q

Economic development

A

measure of how a country’s wealth and how it is generated

53
Q

HDI

Human Development Index

A

define human welfare
calculated by life expectancy, educationGNI
- the closer to 1, the better

54
Q

GDP

Gros Domestic Product

A

tot value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

55
Q

GNP

Gross National Product

A

measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments

56
Q

GNP per capita

A

GNP per person

57
Q

inequalities of wealths

A

the gap in income between a country’s richest and poorest

- ( proportion of a country’s wealth owned by the richest 10%)

58
Q

inflation

A

measure how much the prices of goods, serviecs and wages increase each year
- high inflation= bad ( government lacks control over economy

59
Q

economic structure

A

division of country’s economy between
primary
secondary
tertiary industries

60
Q

demographic

A

study population growth and structure

61
Q

factor including development

A

physical
climate
natural hazards

62
Q

FDI

A

foreign
direct
investment

63
Q

arable

A

crops

64
Q

pastoral

A

animal

65
Q

extensive farming

A

relatively small amt of agriculture produce is obtained from large area of land

66
Q

relief food aid

A

delivered directly to people in time of crisis

67
Q

program food aid

A

provide to government for sale in local market

68
Q

project food air

A

target specific grounds of ppl as long term development work

Geography IGCSE 2017 (11 decks)

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