quick fix Flashcards
Rain gauch
- Collecting jar with funnel
- Water poured into measuring
- Put out in open area
- Not sheltered by buildings, trees
- Buried in grass
- Take measurement every 24h
Stevenson screen:
white —> reflect sunlights, allow air to circulate easily
Place 1m above ground —>
In open space/ unsheltered form trees, buildings
Wood —> doesn’t conduct electricity
Statted —> allow easy air circulation
Double boảding —> prevent sun radiation
In shade —>measure temp of air
altitude
temp decrease one degree for every 100m
Hot desert hot? Explain
Rain shadow effect Distance from sea/ landlocked Cold ocean current Hadley cells wind direction angle of suns descending air(dry) air pressure
No condensation
No transpiration/ evaporation
Beach management
- Hard engineering: sea wall, gabians, grounds
- Soft engineering: beach nourishment, artificial reefs
- —> Improve public awareness and appreciation of sea resources
(e. g) main school board allows students to have “hands in” experience
Describe amazon rainforest climate
High rainfall all year Each hot day followed by heavy rainfall High humidity 2000mm of rain water or more Avr temp 30C High temp through out year No season
Explain amazon rainforest climate
low atmospheric pressure Rising air large amt of evaporation Transpiration Condensation Convectional rainfall
Vegetation in desert
Scattered/sparese/ not much vegetation Scrubs/bushes Cacti Plant with spiky/narrow leaves Little variety of vegattion
rain shadow effects Sahara
The Atlas Mountains enhance the aridity of the northern part desert.
- major mountain ranges act as a barrier
- -> a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.
Air is forced to rise over mountains, air cools and condensation occurs, rain falls over the mountains, dry air sinks down the other side of the mountain.
ITCZ and Sahara
the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ, in the southern Sahara Desert prevents moisture from reaching the area
cold ocean current
cool air and makes it harder to hold moisture.Most moisture falls as rain before it reaches the land
high pressure
creating cloud free conditions
Weather
Weather is how the atmosphere is behaving on a day to day basis
ecosystem
an area that contains organisms interacting with one and others and their physical environment
altitude in rainforest
suns ray are more concentrated at the equator as they hit the earth
prevailing winds
certain pattern of winds
- movement of wind starts of equators where its hottest
- oversea, winds pick up moisture
ocean current
- hot ocean current warms winter in coastal region
col ocean current cool summer in coastal region
- ocean heats up/ cool down slower than land
- -> bringing warmer climate/cooler climate
cold current: more dense/heavier
- make it harder to hold moisture
- moisture fall b4 get to land
warm current
- holds more moisture
- causes evaporation
latitude
distance form equator 1. temp drops further away from equator due to earth's curvance 2. closer to poles sunlights had to pass large SA of atmosphere --> more dispersed/ energy loss --> temp is lower
air pressure dessert
→warm air rises at equator, and cools
→ since cold air holds less water, precipitates at equator
→ dry air then moves N&S and get to N30 and get S30, sinks
*→ air is dry, no condensation→ no rain
rain shadow effect
→ hot rising air cools as approaches mountain(high altitude/ high temp)\
(as air is forced to rise over mountain
→ dry air sinks down other side of mountain
destructive
- plate slide toward each other
- one comes under
focus
where earthquake occur
epic centre
the point directly above focus
where earthquake occurs
seismic waves
a wave, vibration which travels within the earth
effects of earthquakes
- deaths
- destruction to homes
- damage to possensions/cars
- damage to roads/railways/bridges
- loss of electricity/ gas/ telephone lines
- contamination of water supplies
- fires
- disruption to business
- economic collapses
- loss of jobs
- food shortages/death of livestocks
- government buildings
- damage to specific buildings
collision boundary
- Convection currents in the mantle pull two plates of continental crust together.
- Since both crusts are made of the same material and have equal density neither subducts. They crumple up.
- This process creates fold mountains. There are no volcanoes at these boundaries but earthquakes occur.
vent
the passage in a volcano in which magma travels
pyroclastic flow
fast moving clouds of ash and hot steam that races down slope of volcano
magma
molten rock inside volcano
lava
molten rock outside volcano
instrument that measures vibrations in the earth
seismometer
stratovolcano/composite volcano
- alternating layers of lava and ash (other volcanoes just consist of lava).
- destructive
- eruptions: pyroclastic flow rather than a lava flow.( mix of hot steam, ash, rock, dust)
A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400°C.
shield volcano
- at constructive p.b
- low, gently sloping sides.
- formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.
- Eruptions : frequent but relatively gentle.
- made of lava
crater
created after an eruption blows the top off the volcano
magma chamber
where magma is stored
primary vent
main vent is the main outlet for the magma to escape
Secondary vents
smaller outlets through which magma escapes
lahars
mudflow of ash
mantle
- thickest section of the earth
- d: 2900km.
- semi-molten, but in reality the top is hard rock and as you near the outer core it is beginning to melt (magma).
- Convection currents here
destructive plate boundary
- oceanic/ continental collide
- denser oceanic is forced under
- frictions causes oceanic to melt–> magma
- continental plate cannot destroyed –> forced up to make fold mountain
- maga rises thorough cracks in fold mountain
collision plate boundary
- 2 continental plate
- as neither plate is destroyed
→ forced upward and downward
upward sections → fold mountains
downward section → mountain roots - massive build up pf friction and pressure → huge earthquake
( no plate destroyed- no magma)
conservative plate boundary
- two continental plates move alongside each other
- no plate forced up or down → no major landform
-HUGE EARTHQUAKE,
build up of pressure
San Andreas Fault( North American plate and Pacific plates)
constructive plate boundary
- two oceanic plates moving apart
- creates a gap where magma rises
- new crust is formed when magma meets ocean
(- no earthquake no build up of pressure)
Midocean ridges
*lahards
method to reduce impact of earthquake
- earthquake resistant building
- emergency plans
- earthquake drills
- tsunami warning
method to reduce impact of volcano
PREDICTIO/PREPARATION - starlight monitors: temp/ shape, ash - sulfur dioxide and CO2 level - seismometer: record earthquake as magma rises to fill volcano -
PREPARATION
- evacuation services: ready to respond
- diverting channel
- emergency supplies
pros of tourism
- provide leisures opprotunities
- Increases income of other businesses that supply tourist industry
- main contributor to GDOP
growth of tourism
- flight become cheaper
- hotel/resorts more affordable
- people becomes wealthier
- longer holiday leaves
- increased amt of disposable income
- mass media: adv
reason for tourism growth in LEDC
new destination
exchange rates: holiday cheaper
- ad/ease of booking
- transport
globalization
increasing interconnection of the world as a result of massively increasing trade/ cultural exchange
weather
daily changes in the atmosphere which provide different conditions
climate
the avr type of weather in a specific region receiver over a year
Economic development
measure of how a country’s wealth and how it is generated
HDI
Human Development Index
define human welfare
calculated by life expectancy, educationGNI
- the closer to 1, the better
GDP
Gros Domestic Product
tot value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
GNP
Gross National Product
measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments
GNP per capita
GNP per person
inequalities of wealths
the gap in income between a country’s richest and poorest
- ( proportion of a country’s wealth owned by the richest 10%)
inflation
measure how much the prices of goods, serviecs and wages increase each year
- high inflation= bad ( government lacks control over economy
economic structure
division of country’s economy between
primary
secondary
tertiary industries
demographic
study population growth and structure
factor including development
physical
climate
natural hazards
FDI
foreign
direct
investment
arable
crops
pastoral
animal
extensive farming
relatively small amt of agriculture produce is obtained from large area of land
relief food aid
delivered directly to people in time of crisis
program food aid
provide to government for sale in local market
project food air
target specific grounds of ppl as long term development work
