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Geography IGCSE 2017 > Theme 2: The natural environment > Flashcards

Theme 2: The natural environment Flashcards

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1
Q

• An earthquake

A
  1. PRE EARTHQUAKE
    - poorest country
    - over 70% population under poverty line
    - Caribbean and North American plates.
  2. HUMAN TOLL
    - 160,000 💀
    - 1.3m initially displaced
    - 300,000 injured no access to healthcare
3 INFRATRUCTURE
- no building codes
   ➫ infrastructure demolishes
- 300,000 homes damaged
-hit near capital city Port-au-Prince,destroys impt gov budding
  1. 👶👦👧👶👦👧
    - over 4000 schools damaged/destroyed = 1/4

5.CHLOREA OUTBREAK
665,000 cases

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2
Q

An volcano 🌋🌋🌋💀

A

😡 DIRECT - 57 💀

               - 200 houses
               - 47 bridges

😡 ASH DAMAGE
temporary prob ➫ transportation
➫ infrastructure
➫ water treatment
😡 AIR TRAVEL
2weeks+ airport shutdown ➫poor visibility

Spirit lake was destroyed along with 250km of fishing rivers
250km2 of forest was destroyed/ 10 million trees had to be replanted
No animals survived in the blast zone and many crops were destroyed by falling dust.

😡 😡 😡 COST:$1.1b 😡 😡 😡
most deadly/economic disaster

18/5/1980

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3
Q

List type of plate boundary

A

constructive ⏪ ⏩

conservative ⇨⇦

            ⇨ collision  ⇦

destructive ⏩ ⇦

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4
Q

⏪ ⏩

A 
CONSTRUCTIVE
➫ 2 plates move apart
   ➫ magma rises up to fill gap
     ➫ new crust is formed
        e.g: Mid-ocean ridges
small e/vol
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5
Q

⇨⇦

A 
COLLISION
➫ 2 plates collide
    ➫neither forced under 
       ➫fold up into range of mountains
         big earthquakes
e.g Himalyas
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6
Q

⏩ ⇦

A

DESTRUCTIVE
➫oceanic plate forced under continental bc
greater density
➫build up pressure melts oceanic plate ➫magma
➫ sudden releases pressure
➫big earthquakes
➫magma explodes to surface➫ eruption
e.g St helen

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7
Q

⇨

⇦

A

CONSERVATIVE
➫ plate slides past each other in
-opposite direction
-different speed
➫ friction is overcome
➫ plates slide past in sudden movement
➫ (land is neither destroyed/created)
➫ creates shockwaves
➫ big earthquakes

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8
Q

Features of earthquakes

A

focus: point inside crust where the pressure is released
epicentre: point on Earth’s surface above the focus

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9
Q

lists types of volcanoes

A

Shield

Composite

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10
Q

Features of volcanoes

A

Volcano: A crack or hole in the earth’s surface that allows magma, ash, gas or steam to escape to the surface.

Magma: Molten (melted) rock under the crust.

Lava: Molten rock on the surface of the earth.

Crater: The giant hole left by a volcanic eruption. Craters sometimes fill in with water to make crater lakes.

Magma Chamber: An underground store of magma.

Vent: A long tube or pipe that allows magma to escape to the surface.

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11
Q

present hazards living near volcanoes

A

Pyroclastic Flows - A cloud of red hot gas and ash which flows down the side of a volcano at 200km/hr

Lahars - A mixture of ash with rain or glacier melt water which forms a deadly river of mud

Lava Flow - A river of molten rock 1000C centigrade that can travel at 40mph

Ash Fall - Millions of tons of ash can bury buildings, roads etc.

Volcanic bombs - Rocks and lava the size of houses and cars can be hurled into the sky

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12
Q

waterfalls

A 
1. band of hard rock overlies soft rock
2 less resistant rock are eroded faster
             →forms plunge pool
3 river undercut,leaving hard overhang
4 erosion, weathering → overhang collapses
5 collapses rock as erosion tools
6 overtime, moves upstream

YOSIMITE

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13
Q

potholes

A

POTHELES
1. flowing water encounters bedload
forced over it & downcuts behind bedload
in circular motion
causing verical erosion

  1. currents erode river’s bed
    → create small depressions
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14
Q

flood plains

A
  1. wide flat valley floor
    normal conditions: river stay within channel
    flood: velocity increases, high discharge
    →forces to deposites

2.deposition is encouraged
large sediments: close to channel as river doesn’t have 🌟
small sediments : carry further away → deposits

3.more floods = more layers of sediments
➫➫ leaving higher ridges next to river,LEVEE

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15
Q

Processes which operate in a drainage basin

A

(including interception, infiltration, throughflow,

groundwater flow, evaporation, overland flow)

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16
Q

wave-cut platforms

A
  1. at hige tide
    water power attack cliff bottom
    →⏰ wave cut notch

2.wave cut notch get bigger
→weight of rock above get bigger
→cliff cannot support its weight → fall

3.process continues,cliffs retreats
→→wave cut platform

17
Q

beaches

A

LONGSHORE DRIFT
1. material is transported along coastline by waves
2.wave approach cost at an angle 90* bc prevailing wind
3. material is carried up by Swash
material is dragged down by Backswash
90*↓ = shortest route
4. material is moved in zigzag path

18
Q

spits

A

LONGSHORE DRIFT
1. material is transported along coastline by waves
2.wave approach cost at an angle 90* bc prevailing wind
3. material is carried up by Swash
material is dragged down by Backswash
90*↓ = shortest route
4. material is moved in zigzag path

  1. develop in sudden change in shape of coastline
  2. longshore drift continues transport material in same direction rather than following coastline
  3. As strength of drift weakens away from coastline sediment is deposited -> spit
  4. change of wind direction ->hook
  5. area behind spit is sheltered from waves and the wind
    • perf env for salt marshes to develop.
19
Q

the conditions required for their development of coral reefs

A
  • warm temp (>20*)
  • shallow water > 60 m
  • clear water x no sediments
  • plentiful of oxygen suppply
  • unpolluted
  • calm sea
  • low acidity
20
Q

• The opportunities presented by a river or rivers, the associated hazards and their management

A

MANAGEMENT

  • Aswan dam
  • low levees in Sudan
  • policies control development close to floodplain
21
Q

Causes of flooding

A

URBANISATION
IMMPERMEABLE ROCK
LACK OF VEGETATION
STEEPSIDE CHANNEL

22
Q

describe a composite volcano

A

Composite volcanoes
-made up of alternating layers of lava and ash
(other volcanoes just consist of lava).
- destructive .
-eruptions : pyroclastic flow rather than lava flow.

23
Q

describe a pyroclastic flow

A
  • mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.

- A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at high speeds. tempe 400°C+

24
Q

distribution of coral reefs

A

in tropic/subtropic ocean near equator
vast majority in:
- Indo Pacific region
- Atlantic region

25
Q

Mangrove distribution

A 
tropical, subtropical region.
countries with large area of mangroves
-indonesia
-brazil
-aus
-nig
-mexico
26
Q

wave-cut platforms

A
  1. at hige tide
    water power attack cliff bottom
    →⏰ wave cut notch

2.wave cut notch get bigger
→weight of rock above get bigger
→cliff cannot support its weight → fall

3.process continues,cliffs retreats
→→wave cut platform

27
Q

bay and headland coastlines

A

on discordant coastline

  1. alternating band of hard/week rock
  2. week = less resistant → erode quickly →beaches
  3. hard = more resistant → erode slower → headland
28
Q

required condition for mangroves

A
  • tropical climate >20
  • tidal fluctuation
    ➫transport seeding
    ➫bring nutrients
    ➫reduces competition w/ other plants
  • salinity
    grow costal saline environment
29
Q

Types of coral reefs

A

FRINGING REEF

  • gang
  • develops in shallow water
  • short distance from shore
BARRIER REEF
-older
-separated from shore by lagoon
-grow further offshore to edge of continental drift
e,g great barrier reef

ATOLL REEF

  • ring of reefs, encircling island
  • shallow,sandy lagoon in middle
  • rises from submergent volcanic region
30
Q

egypt river management

A
  • Aswan dam
  • low levees in Sudan to provide a degree of protection from flood hazards during low to avr flood.some villages receives assistance from government. More formal levees exist in urban area
    e. g 17 levees in Dongala
  • local authorities/national parliaments introduces policies to control development close to floodplain.this reduces changes of flooding risk of damage to property
31
Q

distribution of earthquakes/volcanoes

A

on or near tectonic plate boundaries, specifically destructive and constructive boundaries for volanoes

32
Q

Processes which operate in a drainage basin

5

A

EVAPORATION - The process water from liquid a vapour

INTERCEPTION - When water is caught and held by vegetation/ man-made structures

THR-FLOW - when water moving slowly downhill thr soil

GROUND WATER FLOW - the movement of water in the ground

SURFACE RUNOFF/overland flow -
When water travels across the surface of the earth e.g. down a hill.

33
Q

The opportunities presented by an area or areas of coastline, the associated hazards and their
management

A

MIAMI
😡 gulf of mexico
80 percent of New Orleans and large portions of nearby parishes became flooded
longest coastline in the contiguous United States,
2,200km of coastline
damaging over 100 houses
The storm left about 1.4 million people without power
property damage was estimated at $100 million
and crop damage $423 million.

34
Q

focus

A

where earthquake occur

35
Q

epic centre

A

the point directly above focus

where earthquake occurs

36
Q

seismic waves

A

a wave, vibration which travels within the earth\

37
Q

effects of earthquakes

A

-death

Geography IGCSE 2017 (11 decks)

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