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Democracies in Change - Britain > Theme 3 c 3 - Racial controversy and the impact of government policies, 1958-79 > Flashcards

Theme 3 c 3 - Racial controversy and the impact of government policies, 1958-79 Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways did politicians take part in racism and the ‘race relations’ between 1958-79?

A
  • Cons and Lab attempted to win votes by proposing policies to restrict immigration.
  • A minority of politicians ‘played the race cars’: winning votes by appealing to popular racism.
  • Advocate ‘multiculturalism’
  • Black rights groups founded to fight against racism in Britain
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2
Q

What factors led to the introduction of restrictions on immigration from 1962?

A
  • Widespread public concern about ‘racial tensions’.

- Govt reports blaming black and Asian people fro crime, the rising costs of welfare and overcrowding

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3
Q

What was the first govt. bill restricting immigration from the ‘new commonwealth’?

A

Commonwealth immigration act 1962

  • Under Macmillian.
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4
Q

Year - Commonwealth immigration act

A

1962

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5
Q

What was the aim of the commonwealth immigration act?

A

Designed to end large-scale immigration. To prevent the creation of a multi-cultural society.

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6
Q

What two reasons were given in the Commonwealth Immigration Act that meant people from former colonies could obtain an entry voucher?

A
  • They had a job waiting for them.

- They had specific skills that the British economy required, for instance, a member of the medical professional

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7
Q

What did the immigration act of 1962 allow?

A

Families to be reunited so spouses or children of people living in Britain still had entry rights.

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8
Q

Year - second commonwealth immigration act

A

1968

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9
Q

How did the 2nd Commonwealth Immigration Act tighten up the rules on immigration?

A
  • Children of migrants who are over 17 will be denied entry.
  • Children with only one parent in Britain were denied entry.
  • Entry required a connection to Britain: new migrants had to prove that a parent or grandparent lived in Britain.
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10
Q

Year - Immigration Act

A

1971

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11
Q

What were the two largely racial categories introduced by the immigration act?

A
  • Partial - born in the UK or recent relative born in the UK tended to be white British people.
  • non-partial - born outside the UK with no relatives born in the UK.
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12
Q

What were ‘Partial’ migrants subject to due to the Immigration Act?

A

No restrictions. Most white people from commonwealth would come and go freely.

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13
Q

What were ‘Non-Partial’ migrants subject to due to the Immigration Act?

A

Subject to strict controls. They had no right to entry or residence and those who had lived in the UK for less than 10 years could be repatriated.

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14
Q

What was the level of support for the first Commonwealth Immigration Act?

A

1962 - 62-76%

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15
Q

What was the level of support for the second Commonwealth Immigration Act?

A

1968 - 72%

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16
Q

What was the level of support for the Immigration Act?

A

1971 - 59%

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17
Q

Why did the 1968 Commonwealth Immigration act face controversy?

A

Denied Kenyan Asians who were fleeing persecution entry to Britain.

As a result, it was attacked by the press and student racial.

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18
Q

What three areas did the Acts restricting immigration impact?

A

Mass migration, multi-culturalism and the radicalisation of black rights groups.

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19
Q

In what fours ways did the 1962 Commonwealth Immigration act lead to the creation of a multi-cultural society?

A
  1. Large numbers of black and Asian migrants moved before the Act was in place.
  2. Those that had planned to leave now stayed for the fear of being denied re-entry.
  3. Allowed immediate families to enter.
  4. 1963-79 between 30,000 and 50,000 work vouchers were issued every year.
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20
Q

What happened to Asian and Black populations in Britain between 1960-61?

A

Doubled in anticipation of 1962 commonwealth immigration act

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21
Q

Between 1963-79 how many work vouchers were issued every year?

A

Between 30,000 and 50,000.

So migration continued at historically high levels

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22
Q

How did ‘new commonwealth’ migration change between 1956 - 1961?

A

1956 - 46,050

1959 - 21,600

1961 - 136,4000

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23
Q

Why did many black people vote for Labour in the 1960s?

A
  • Opposed 1962 commonwealth immigration act
  • Consv campaign ‘if you want a niggar for a neighbour vote labour’.
  • 1964 General election Smethwick constituency cemented.
24
Q

Give four examples of Minority groups to fight for their rights

A
  • 1968 British Black Panther Party
  • 1971 - Brixton Black Women’s Group
  • 1974 - Race Today Collective
  • 1975 - Asian Youth Movement
25
Q

Year - formation of the British Black Panther Party

A

1968

26
Q

Year - formation of the Brixton Black Women’s Group

A

1971

27
Q

Year - formation of the Race Today Collective

A

1974

28
Q

Year - formation of the Asian Youth Movement

A

1975

29
Q

In 1966 what did Toy Jenkins say about a multi-cultural society?

A
  • Rejected the goal of cultural assimilation. Argued immigrants should be under no obligation to adopt ‘English customs’.
  • Should be a common commitment to equality of opportunity for all.
  • Wanted cultural diversity and all should respect other’s customs.
30
Q

How were the Black Panthers and the Race Today Collective effective in organising to challenge racism?

A
  • 1971 - forced first official acknowledgement that there was ‘evidence of racial hatred in the Metropolitan Police’.
  • 1974 - Organise Imperial Typewriters strike this forced predominantly white unions to support Asian workers.
  • 1974-76 - Organise the largest squat in British history to ensure the Bengali population of Tower Hamlets had access to safe housing.
31
Q

In 1971 what did the Black Panther achieve?

A

forced first official acknowledgement that there was ‘evidence of racial hatred in the Metropolitan Police’

32
Q

In 1974 what did the Race Today Collective achieve?

A

Organise Imperial Typewriters strike this forced predominantly white unions to support Asian workers

33
Q

Between 1974-76 what did the Race Today Collective achieve?

A

Organise the largest squat in British history to ensure the Bengali population of Tower Hamlets had access to safe housing.

34
Q

Why were the three Race Relations Act implemented?

A

To outlaw various aspects of racial discrimination.

35
Q

What motivated the Race Relations Acts?

A
  • Pressure from Black and American people to deal with racism in Britain.
  • Govt. concerns that poor ‘race relations’ would lead to widespread rioting.
  • A political commitment to multi-culturalism
36
Q

Who was the first person to be convicted of inciting racial hatred?

A

Micheal X the leader of the Racial Adjustment Action Society after giving a speech in Reading in 1967.

37
Q

Who holds the record for the most amount of arrest under the 1965 law?

A

Roy Sawh, deputy chair of the Universal Coloured People’s Association.

38
Q

Give an example of how the new Race Relations Acts created a backlash

A

Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of blood’ speech.

On 20th April 1968 addressing Labours proposals to introduce a tougher race relation law.

39
Q

What did Enoch Powell argue in his ‘Rivers of blood’ speech 1968?

A
  • Mass migration and antiracist laws meant minority groups had more rights and privileges than white people in Britain.
  • The white were now ‘strangers in their own country’.
  • Multi-culturalism would lead to segregated communities and violence.
  • The govt. should give grants to black and Asian people to encourage ‘re-emigration’.
40
Q

What was the message of Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of blood’ speech?

A

Reflected a new kind of ‘post-colonial racism’. It acknowledged that the British Empire was dead, but also advocated keeping Britain white.

41
Q

What proportion of British people agreed with Enoch Powell’s speech?

A

74%

42
Q

What event demonstrated Britains support for Enoch Powell?

A

Three days after he was sacked from the Conservative shadow cabinet there was a march of 1,000 dock workers expressing their support for Powell. They carried placards that read ‘Don’t knock Enoch’.

43
Q

Year - Nationa Front political party founded

A

1967 - very racist saying Black and Asian people had no right to express their own culture in Britain.

44
Q

Year - 1st Race relations Act

A

1965

45
Q

Year - 2nd Race relations Act

A

1968

46
Q

Year - 3rd Race relations Act

A

1976

47
Q

What were the provisions of the 1st Race Relations Act?

A
  • Outlawed the ‘colour bar’ - became illegal to deny people access to service and public places on the basis of race.
  • Outlawed incitement of racial hatred.
  • Established Race Relations Board (RRB) to monitor enforcement of the law.
  • Did nothing to end racial discrimination in housing.
48
Q

What were the provisions of the 2nd Race Relations Act?

A

Extended 1968 act by:

  • Outlawing racial discrimination in housing and employment
  • Establishing the Community Relations Commission (CRC) to promote multi-culturalism through education.
49
Q

What was the CRC?

A

Community Relations Commission - promote multi-culturalism through education.

From the 2nd Race Relations Act

50
Q

What is the RRB?

A

Race Relations Board (RRB) to monitor the enforcement of the law.

From the 1st Race Relations Act

51
Q

What were the provisions of the 3rd Race Relations Act?§

A
  • Led to further protections from racial discrimination.
  • Indirect discrimination was outlawed.
  • Combined CRC and RRB to create the new Commission for Racial equality.
52
Q

What is indirect discrimination?

A

The discrimination that was not based primarily on ethnicity, but effected some groups in a detrimental way.

53
Q

Year - Notting Hill Carnival

A

1976

54
Q

What happened at the Notting Hill Carnival?

A

1976 - There were extreme aggressive attempts by the Metropolitan Police to close down the Carnival.

It was created by Trinidad immigrants.

1977 - Similarily tried to stop the African Liberation Day the year later. Darcus Howe preformed citizen’s arrest on local police officers and his actions were later upheld in court.

55
Q

What was a racial rule in British schools?

A

Students from India n or Caribbean background were not allowed to make up more than 30% of the school population.

56
Q

Give an example of when the 1976 Race relations act was used in practice

A

Upheld the right of Sikh boys to wear turbans to school following the 1982 court case Mandla v. Dowell-Lee

Democracies in Change - Britain (26 decks)

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