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All - Democracies in Change - Britain > Theme 2 b 3 - The impact of the NHS to 1979 > Flashcards

Theme 2 b 3 - The impact of the NHS to 1979 Flashcards

1
Q

Impact on public health

What happened to life expectancy of men & women between 1948-1979?

A

Women : 70.1 years (1948) - 77 years (1979)

Men : 65.8 years (1948) - 71 years (1979)

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2
Q

Impact on public health

What caused the increase in life expectancy?

A

Combination- better healthcare & increased affluence.

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3
Q

What did the Merrison Report 1979 argue?

A
  • Hospitals recieved around 70% of NHS funding, whereas other services including GP services & preventative health programmes recieved much less.
  • Within hospitals- surgery and general medecine recieved much more money than services dealing with mental illness & geriatric medecine.
  • Investment in hospitals tended to create regional inequalities. e.g. A lot of the investment in hospitals introduced in the 1962 Hospital Plan was spent in London.
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4
Q

Health & class

Who benefitted more from the NHS?

Why was this?

A
  • The middle class tended to benefit more than the working class.
  • Investment in working- class areas lagged behind investment in middle-class areas.
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5
Q

Health & class

Research in the 1950s indicated what about budget allocations?

Give an example of what a study found?

When did this problem persist into?

A
  • Budget allocations favoured middle class areas.
  • Hospitals in some middle-class areas recieved an annual budget of £4.98 per head - whereas in working- class areas, busgets were set at £3.19 per head.
  • 1970s- similar study conducted 1972 found that middle class areas tended to have per capita budgets that were 24% higher than working-class areas.
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6
Q

Health & class

What did the Black Report, published by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1980 indicate about the gap between working class & middle-class healthcare?

A

It grew between 1949 & 1972.

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7
Q

Health & Class

By the 1970s- what did the gap between the richest and the poorest mean that?

A
  • Working class women - twice as likely to die in childbirth compared to middle-class women.
  • Unskilled working men- twice as likely to die before reaching the age of 65 as middle-class professionals.
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8
Q

Impact on women- reproduction

What did the NHS give women greater control over?

What did this lead to?

A

Control over their fertility!

Led to a decline in birth rates!

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9
Q

Impact on women- reproduction

Women born in 1920 had how many children on average?

How is this different to a woman born in 1966?

A

1920- Two children (average)

1966 - 1.3 children (average)

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10
Q

Impact on women- reproduction

What contributed to women having fewer babies?

A
  • Free contraception from NHS- only available from 1970s.
  • Education provided by the NHS.
  • Contraceptive pill- introduced 1961.
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11
Q

Impact on women- reproduction

What were the drawbacks of the availability of the contraceptive pill?

A
  • Early contraceptive pills had side effects such as an increased risk of a stroke & some types of cancer.
  • The availability of the pill meant that men tended to take less responsibility for contraception.
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12
Q

Abortion

How did the 1967 Abortion Act have a mixed impact on women’s reproductive rights?

A
  • The right to terminate a pregnancy was dependent on the approval of two - typically male doctors.
  • Medical staff were given the legal right to refuse to participate in terminations.
  • Access to abortions were controlled by medical professionals - and therefore provisions reflected the beliefs and prejudices of doctors.
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13
Q

Abortion

Between 1968 & 1978, how many terminations were carried out?

A

1.5 million terminations.

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14
Q

Abortion

How were abortions more easily available to middle class women?

A

Around 58% were performed in the private sector, to women who paid around £200 for the procedure.

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15
Q

How was medical supervision of abortion regulated?

What did this result in between 1968 & 1978?

A

Poorly regulated in the NHS.

86 people died during a legal abortion between 1968& 1978, and 72 died as a result of NHS surgery!

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16
Q

Childbirth

In the 1950s- what % of women gave birth in hospital?

A

60%

17
Q

Childbirth

By 1978, what % of women gave birth in hospitals?

A

97%

18
Q

Childbirth

How did the number of women giving birth in hospital change from the 1950s to 1978?

A

Changed from 60% (1950s) to 97% (1978)

19
Q

Childbirth

How far women benefitted from hospitalisation during this period is disputed. What did one survey record?

What did this lead to?

A
  • Between 70-90% of women who gave birth in hospitals were given an episiotomy in order to assist the birth.
  • Procedure led to pain when sitting in 68% of cases and longer recovery times. The procedure- often carried out without the consent or knowledge of the woman.
20
Q

Childbirth

What have many feminist writers argued about the medicalisation of childbirth?

A
  • Shifted away power from women to men.
  • Doctors - who between 1948 & 1979 were predominantly men and controlled childbirth.
21
Q

Women and work

What did the NHS create for women & why was this?

A
  • Greater opportunities for women in the workplace.
  • The expansion of health & social services created a state-funded ‘caring profession’.
  • According to traditional stereotypes- women were naturally more caring than men- so were able to find jobs in these new professions.
22
Q

Women & work

In 1948- how many female nurses did the government try to recruit?

A

54,000 female nurses.

23
Q

Women & work

Where were a significant minority of female nurses recruited from?

A

The Caribbean

24
Q

Women & work

What were the limiting factors for women within job opportunites?

A
  • Women in general- restricted to the lower paid and lower status jobs in the 1950s & 1960s.
  • Experience of black women = even worse. Promotion was extremely rare and they were subjected to racial harassment.
25
Q

Impact on mental health

By what year was there a concern at the top of the government that the NHS was not treating mental illnessess effectively?

A

1957

26
Q

Impact on mental health

What did the 1957 Royal Commission on Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency argue?

A
  • Patients with mental illnesses were routinely stigmatised.
  • Their personal rights were not respected.
  • Mental hospitals operated more like prisons than hospitals.
27
Q

Impact on mental health

How did the 1959 Mental Health Act address the previous problems surrounding mental health care?

A
  • Introducing new terminology. Patients were referred to as ‘ mentally ill’ rather than insane.
  • Removing judges from the process. Decisions to force treatment on people with serious mental health problems made- by mental health tribunals rather than judges. These tribunals had responsibility to protect liberty of patients.
  • Introducing an open doors policy, so most patients could attend voluntary treatment sessions in daycare centres- rather than being compelled to stay in hospital long term.
28
Q

Impact on mental health

The 1959 Mental Health Act- what care did it move away from and to?

What plan was it confirmed by & what did it propose?

A

Move away from residential care towards out-patient or drop-in care.

Confirmed by 1962 Hospital Plan- proposed a 50% reduction in hospital beds for people with mental illnesses by 1975.

29
Q

Impact on mental health

The 1959 Mental Health Act- How did the act not have the impact that was hoped for?

A

By 1974:

  • Only 15% of the daycare places needed were available.
  • Only 33% of the hospital places needed were available.

As a result - patients with mental illnesses tended to be admitted to non-specialist hospitals.

30
Q

Impact on mental health

What happened as a result of a report into the abuse commissioned -along with a much wider enquiry into all of Britains NHS mental hospitals?

A
  • Long- stay psychiatric hospitals where people had been incarcerated often for decades began to close.
  • Report recommended the practise of introducing hospital inspections.
31
Q

Impact on mental health

How many enquiries had there been into the misconduct and abuse at psychiatric hospitals across the UK had there been between 1967 &1981?

What did this demonstrate about the provision of healthcare for the mentally ill?

A

25 seperate enquiries.

It was in need of improvement!

32
Q

Impact on mental health

When were the Two White Papers published?

What did the recognise?

A

1971 & 1975

Recognised ongoing problems but no major reform happened until the early 1980s.

All - Democracies in Change - Britain (34 decks)

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