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Bio 1A03 > Theme 1- Module 4 (Nucleic Acids) > Flashcards

Theme 1- Module 4 (Nucleic Acids) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or false: bacterial cells have a cell membrane but no cell wall

A

False

They have a cell membrane AND a cell wall

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2
Q

True or false: all genetic material in the bacterial cell is contained in the chromosomes

A

False

Also contained in plasmids

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3
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular DNA molecules that carry only one or two genes (such as those that contribute to anti-biotic resistance)

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4
Q

What causes the rapid spread of genes (i.e. antibiotic resistance) in bacterial populations?

A

Caused by plasmids replicating independently of the core genome and transferring from one cell to another

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5
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Word that describes the organization of double-stranded DNA in its association with proteins and RNAs

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6
Q

What is the difference between prok chromosomes and euk chromosomes?

A

Prok chromosomes = small, circular

Euk = large, linear

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7
Q

True or false: mitochondria have their own chromosomes

A

True

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8
Q

E.Coli chromosomes are a 1000 times longer than the diameter of the cell, and yet it is able to fold up within the nucleoid. How?

A

The circular chromosomes are able to SUPERCOIL into many loops and associate with proteins to compact the DNA into the nucleoid region

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9
Q

True or false: only euk DNA have a double helix structure

A

False

Prok DNA are also in double helixes

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10
Q

What is supercoiling?

A

Coiling that occurs in addition to the coil of the helical DNA structure

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11
Q

Why is supercoiling advantageous?

A

Preserves the double helix

Compacts DNA

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12
Q

True or false: chloroplasts AND mitochondria contain their own genomes

A

True

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13
Q

Streptococcal bacteria reside where?

A

Human upper respiratory tract

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14
Q

True or false: virulent strains of Streptoccal bacteria are harmless and not associated with any disease symptoms

A

False

Benign strains = harmless
Virulent = dangerous

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15
Q

Who found out that there were two diff strains of Streptococcus pneumon? How did he find out?

A

Fred Neufeld

Inserted two diff strains of bacteria into mice. One strain did nothing (Benign) and the other caused death by pneumonia (virulent)

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16
Q

Describe Griffith’s hypothesis and how he came about it

A

Heated the virulent bacteria in order to kill them (all macromolec still there, the cell is just dead)

Inserted the dead strain into mouse; did not die

Hypothesis: all info that makes a cell virulent was still present, but the cell carrying that information had been killed

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17
Q

Describe Griffith’s experimental setup

A

Set up three control mice (injected one with virulent, one with benign, one with killed virulent bacteria)

In fourth mouse, he killed virulent strain and incubated remains with living cells of benign bacteria.

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18
Q

Describe Griffith’s results and his conclusions

A

The fourth mouse died, indicating that the benign cells were now virulent

Concluded that the benign cells had acquired the ability to be virulent from the dead cells via transformation

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19
Q

What is transformation?

A

A change in cell behaviour resulting from the incorporation of genetic material from outside of the cell

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20
Q

Describe Oswald’s experimental setup

A

Build on Griffith’s experiment; find out which macromolecule is responsible for carrying hereditary info

One control flask with protein, RNA, and DNA

Three other flasks with non-virulent bacteria

  • Protein + DNA, protein + RNA, RNA + DNA
  • Selectively eliminated each type of macromolecule from cell extracts (i.e. eliminated RNA with RNAase)

Then added killed virulent bacteria in each flask

21
Q

Describe Oswald’s results and conclusion

A

Results: All of the flasks (three in total) that had DNA had the bacteria turn from non-virulent to virulent (underwent transformation. The one flask without the DNA still had non-virulent bacteria

Conclusion: transformation requires the presence of DNA; the macromolecule that det the characteristics of the cell was contained in DNA

22
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

A

Rosalind Franklin was the first to use a technique called x-ray diffraction to aim x-rays at DNA to create images based on the diffraction of the x-rays by the atoms of the DNA molecule

23
Q

What is the significance of Photo 51?

A

From this image that the helical nature of DNA was identified

24
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group

5-carbon deoxyribose sugar (H on bottom)

Nitrogenous base

25
Q

Diff between pyrimidines and purines?

A

Pyrimidines
= single ring

Purines
= two rings (pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring)
= larger

26
Q

Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine. Sort these into pyrimidines and purines

A

Pyrimidines
= Cytosine
= Thymine

Purines
= Adenine
= Guanine

27
Q

What is the bond between two nucleotides called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

28
Q

Describe how the nucleotides are linked along the phosphoribose backbone

A

Phosphate group on 5’ carbon on deoxyribose forms a bond with the HYDROXYL GROUP on the 3’ carbon on the next

29
Q

Which way does DNA run, 5’ -> 3’ or 3’ -> 5’?

A

5’ -> 3’

30
Q

True or false: new nucleotides are added to the 5’ end of the strand

A

False

Added to 3’ end

31
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules?

A

DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidines and purines

A pairs with T
C pairs with G

32
Q

True or false: covalent bonds form between the nucleotide bases (i.e. A-T)

A

False

Hydrogen bonds

33
Q

How many hydrogen bonds exist between thymine and adenine?

A

2

34
Q

How many hydrogen bonds exist between guanine and cytosine?

A

3

35
Q

True or false: the two strands of DNA run parallel

A

False

Run antiparallel

36
Q

What does RNA polymerase II do?

A

Transcribes DNA into RNA

37
Q

What are the different categories of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA

Ribosomal RNA

Transfer RNA

RNA Polymerase

38
Q

What’s the difference between the deoxyribose sugar and the ribose sugar?

A

Ribose has a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the carbon 2
Deoxyribose has a hydrogen (-H) on the carbon 2

DNA has A, T, G, C
RNA has A, U, G, C
(Uracil replaces the Thymine)

39
Q

What’s the difference between uracil and thymine?

A

Uracil has a hydrogen (-H) where Thymine has a methyl (-CH3) group

40
Q

Is uracil a pyrimidine or a purine?

A

Pyrimidine

41
Q

What types of bonds are formed in the RNA backbone?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

42
Q

True or false: new ribonucleotides are added to the 5’ end of the polymer

A

False

Added to 3’ end

43
Q

What are ribosomal RNAs (or rRNAs)?

A

Forms (along with proteins) the functional ribosome complexes that perform translation of mRNAs into proteins

44
Q

True or false: most of the RNA in the cell are rRNAs

A

True

45
Q

Which rRNAs comprise the large ribosomal subunit and which comprise the small subunit?

A

23S RNA + 5S RNA = large subunit

16S RNA = small subunit

46
Q

How are DNA molecules organized in euk cells?

A

DNA molecules are linear and organized around proteins (histones) to form chromatin fibres. Chromatin fibres coil more and make chromatids.

47
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Length of DNA coiled around a core of histones

48
Q

What is the difference between euk DNA and prok DNA?

A

Euk chromosome is much greater than prok nucleoid

Euk genome is greater than the prok genome

49
Q

What’s similar between the euk DNA and prok DNA?

A

Same nucleotides, same double helix, similar gene codings for proteins (i.e. RN A polymerase)

Bio 1A03 (18 decks)

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