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Bio 1A03 > Theme 1- Module 1 > Flashcards

Theme 1- Module 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s so special about prokaryotic cells?

A

They do not contain a true nucleus

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2
Q

Do we have more eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells in our bodies?

A

Prokaryotic

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3
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Population of microbes in our body

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4
Q

Do microbiomes contain only prok cells?

A

No also small eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What does Strep. Salivarius do and where is it found?

A

Upper respiratory tract + oral cavity

Forms dental plaque

Colonize newborns germfree oral cavity and GI tract

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6
Q

What does Staph. Haemo do and where is it found?

A

When it’s on the skin it’s harmless

When it’s in the body it’s pathogenic

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7
Q

What does Bacteroides thetaiot. do and where is it found?

A

Intestines

Forms enzymes that breakdown ingested plant material

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8
Q

Define a cell

A

Membrane bound structure with macromolecules

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9
Q

What are the macromolecules?

A

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Polysaccharides

Phospholipids

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10
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Structure

Metabolic activities (enzymes, ribosome)

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11
Q

Do polysaccharides contribute to structural functions?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Are the tails of a lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Polar or non polar?

A

Hydrophobic

Non polar

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13
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic. What does that mean?

A

Have both hydrophobic and philic parts

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the fatty acid chains at the end of a phospholipid molecule.

A

16 or 18 carbons in a chain

Single or double bonds

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15
Q

Are single bonds saturated or unsaturated? Why is this important?

A

Saturated

The bond types change the shape and behaviours of the phospholipid and thus the membrane

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16
Q

True or false: Phospholipids are the only types of lipids found in cell membranes. If false, state the other lipids

A

False

Steroids

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17
Q

Describe the structure of steroids and give an example

A

4 hydrocarbon ring

Hydrophilic head
Phobic tails

Cholesterol

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18
Q

True or false: phospholipids only form lipid bilayers. If false, state what other structures they form

A

False

Can aggregate and form micelles

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19
Q

Do micelles need energy to form?

A

No

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20
Q

What role do micelles play in the human body?

A

Absorption of fat soluble vitamins and complex lipids

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21
Q

True or false: phospholipids are not stationary. Explain

A

True

Membranes are fluid

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22
Q

How do phospholipids typically move within membranes

A

Laterally within one layer

CANNOT flip from one layer to the other tho with a lot of energy

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23
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting the fluidity of membranes?

A

Number of carbons in the fatty acid tail

Unsat or sat fatty acids

Temperature (or other environmental factors)

Presence or absence of cholesterol/steroids

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24
Q

If there were 18 carbons in the carbon chain rather than 16, how would that change the membrane?

A

Longer chains pack together tighter and reduce fluidity

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25
Q

If there were double bonds in the carbon chain, how would that affect the structure and function?

A

Produce kinks

Push neighbouring phospholipids further apart

Increase fluidity

Affect permeability

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26
Q

What affect does temp have on the membrane?

A

High temp = more fluid

Low temp = less

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27
Q

Do cold adapted organisms have more unsat or sat phospholipids? Why?

A

Unsat

Maintain fluidity

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28
Q

What affect does chloresterol have on fluidity at normal temperatures? Why is this important?

A

Steroids pack closely to neighbouring phospholipids

Constrain fluidity (JUST phospholipids = TOO much fluidity)

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29
Q

Why are steroids important for fluidity at lower temperatures?

A

Phospholipids solidify at low temps

Cholesterol maintain fluidity by keeping apart

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30
Q

Is fluidity consistent throughout the entire membrane? Give an example of a domain that might be different

A

No

Lipid rafts

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31
Q

Are lipid rafts regions of high fluidity or low fluidity?

A

Low

32
Q

What is the function of a lipid raft?

A

Hold macromolecules together in the membrane

Gather proteins involved in same metabolic pathway or a collection of receptors found on surface of cell

33
Q

Why do lipid rafts have low fluidity?

A

1) Phospholipid tails are straight (saturated) –> pack together and lower fluidity
2) Higher conc of cholesterol

34
Q

Why are lipid rafts taller than the rest of the membrane?

A

Carbon chains are longer

35
Q

Why is low fluidity important in lipid rafts?

A

It allows them to hold the macromolecules

36
Q

Macromolecules move _______ within the cell membrane

A

Laterally

37
Q

Why is fluidity important in transmembrane movements?

A

Changing fluidity alters how much and how quickly a substance will move across the membrane (permeability)

38
Q

Would regions of the membrane that have LESS unsat fatty acids and MORE cholesterol be less permeable or more?

A

Less bc less fluid membrane

39
Q

Which substances can pass thru the membrane without additional energy?

A

Small, nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules or ions

40
Q

Which substances CANNOT pass thru the membrane without energy?

A

Large, charged polar molecules

41
Q

How do small molecules cross the membrane?

A

Along a concentration gradient via diffusion

42
Q

True or false: Cell membranes contain only lipids and proteins

A

False

Also contain carbs

43
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules pass in and out of the cell?

A

Via transmembrane (integral membrane) proteins embedded within the cell membrane

44
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model state?

A

Membranes consist of proteins and carbs embedded in a fluid bilayer

45
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model predict?

A

Predicts certain properties of the cell membrane (i.e. The ability of membrane components to move laterally)

46
Q

What are the three diff types of transport across cell membranes?

A

Passive diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

47
Q

What the difference between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A

Both involve the movement of molecules along a conc gradient but…

Passive = molecule coming into contact with the phospholipid layer

Facil = proteins embedded in the membrane allow the molecules thru

48
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

No

49
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules AGAINST conc gradient

Embedded proteins require ATP (energy) to drive the transport

50
Q

What is the most common way for substances (i.e. Water) to move passively across cell membranes?

A

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

51
Q

How do transport proteins help large hydrophilic molecules pass the membrane?

A

Provide a hydrophilic core for them

52
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a membrane (PASSIVE transport)

53
Q

How does water diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane via a conc gradient?

A

From a less conc solution (HYPOTONIC) to a more conc solution HYPERTONIC)

54
Q

If you placed a cell in a HYPERtonic solution what would happen?

A

Less water on outside so it would shrivel up as water goes out of it

55
Q

If you placed a cell in a HYPOtonic solution what would happen?

A

It will become swollen (less water on inside compared to outside)

56
Q

What are aquaporins and what are their functions?

A

Transmembrane proteins that allow water to move across membrane at a much faster rate than it could via simple diffusion

57
Q

How do aquaporins allow water to move along so fast? (i.e. What structural components)

A

Allow ONLY water to pass thru a hydrophilic protein core thru the process of osmosis

58
Q

True or false: the movement of water across a aquaporin does not requires energ

A

False

59
Q

After placing a cell in a hypotonic solution, it bursts. What remains?

A

Ghost cells

60
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP on the intracellular side of the cell

61
Q

What is PRIMARY active transport?

A

Transmembrane transport protein is DIRECTLY affected by the hydrolysis of ATP

TT protein changes to pump the substance across

62
Q

What is SECONDARY active transport?

A

INDIRECT expenditure of ATP entry

Neighbouring TTproteins use the electrochemical gradients established by primary active transport pumps to move their own solutes against a conc gradient

63
Q

What are the similarities between primary and secondary active transport?

A

Both require energy

Both work against conc gradient

64
Q

What kind of active transport does the sodium potassium pump use?

A

Primary active transport

65
Q

True or false: in most cells, there is a greater conc of sodium in the interior fluid

A

False

Sodium greater on OUTSIDE

Potassium greater in INSIDE

66
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump work?

A

For every 3 sodium ions pumped OUT, 2 potassium ions pumped IN

Goes against conc gradient, so ATP gives up phosphate group to TTprotein

Phosphate group binds and causes a conformation change in shape of protein

Allows for release of sodium ions

Potassium from outside binds to TTprotein, causes original phosphate group to be released

Protein returns to original shape

Releases potassium into cytoplasm

67
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Five ringed structures in PROKARYOTES that serve a similar function to cholerestrol

68
Q

True or false: most prokaryotes can synthesize sterols such as cholesterol

A

False

Synthesize hopanoids instead

69
Q

Instead of a nucleus, what do prokaryotes have instead?

A

Nucleoid

= cell structure with multiple loops formed from supercoils of DNA

70
Q

How are genes for antibiotic resistance commonly transferred thru bacteria?

A

Pili (threadlike structures that extend from one cell to another) transfer plasmids (and thus, genes) between bacteria

71
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

Synthesizes proteins and lipids

72
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

Modifies proteins and lipids produced by ER

Sorts them out to destinations

73
Q

What is the function of the Lysosome?

A

Contains enzymes that break down macromolecules

74
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

Contains enzymes involved in metabolism

  • breakdown of fatty acids
  • synth of certain types of phospholipids
75
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Produce most of the ATP/energy

76
Q

What is the function of vacuoles (in plants)?

A

Maintain turgor pressure against cell walls and contribute to structural rigidity

77
Q

What is the function of plasmodesmata (in plants)?

A

Connect neighbouring plant cells

Bio 1A03 (18 decks)

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