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Bio 1A03 > Theme 1- Module 2 > Flashcards

Theme 1- Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the structural similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

External membrane

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2
Q

What are the structural differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

  • internal network of membranes
  • double membrane bound nucleus (separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell)

Prokaryotic cells

  • lack a nucleus
  • few to no organelles
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3
Q

What did the appearance of the first photosynthetic cells bring to the Earth?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

What were the earliest eukaryotes like?

A

Single-celled organisms

Contained organelles and internal membrane
systems with distinct structures and functions

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a typical chloroplast

A

Double membrane around its exterior

Interior filled with flattened and stacked membranes called thylakoids (organized into piles called grana)

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6
Q

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

A

Grana

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7
Q

Where is chemical energy stored after photosynthesis?

A

Bonds of carb molecules

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8
Q

How many membranes does mitochondria have?

A

2

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9
Q

What is the difference between the two membranes?

A

Outer membrane surrounds cell

Inner membrane connected to cristae

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10
Q

Where is most ATP synthesized in eukary cells?

A

Mitochondria (animals)

Chloroplasts (plants)

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11
Q

Dr. Lynn Margulis proposed what theory?

A

Prokary cells entered into host cell where it developed mutually beneficial interactions with eukary

These interactions became vital for the the host cell

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12
Q

Why would it have been advantageous to develop this endosymbiotic relationship (in the example of mitochondria)?

A

Early earth was a hostile, low oxygen environ

Anaerobic eukaryotes engulfed aerobic bacteria . Bacteria supplied ATP to euk and euk supplied protection for bacteria and a supply of carbon compounds

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13
Q

Evidence that mitochondria came from bacteria that took up residence in proto-euk cells?

A

Mitochondria…

  • look like bacteria
  • same size as bacteria
  • have own circular genome
  • produce enzymes for protein synthesis
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14
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evo

A

Invaginations of the cell membrane allowed ancestral prok with genetic information to compartmentalize it into a nucleus.

This allowed them to control the regulation of genes and syn of proteins. Thus became the ancesteral euk

Overtime they became hosts to aerobic prok (mitochondria) and photosyn prok (chloroplasts)

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15
Q

Do all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Do all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts?

A

No

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17
Q

The endosymbiotic theory suggests that chloroplasts evolved from what?

A

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria that were engulfed by predatory cells

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18
Q

What significance do the green algae Cymbomonas play in the context of endosymbiotic theory?

A

It’s a living example of an acquired endosymbiotic relationship

They acquire the ability to engage in photosynthesis only after they have engulfed photosynthetic bacteria that perform these functions.

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19
Q

Describe the behaviour of the Cymbomonas and how it relates to endosymbiotic theory.

A

Living bacteria inside the protists (algae) share their photosynthetic products with the algae host.

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20
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic behaviour of coral and dinoflagellates

A

Dinoflagellates photosynthesize and release almost all of the products to the coral.

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21
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic behaviour of sea slugs and algal cells

A

Sea slug consumes photosynthetic algae and harvests the chloroplasts from the algal cells.

The chloroplasts are maintained in the cells of the sea slug.

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22
Q

Are the relationships of the coral and the sea slug permanent or temporary?

A

Temporary

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23
Q

True or false: the endosymbiotic theory states that these temporary relationships (ie. coral and sea slug) are permanent and nonheritable.

A

False: these relationships are permanent and HERITABLE

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24
Q

Evidence that shows that these temporary relationships are permanent and heritable?

A
  • Both mitochondria AND chloroplasts contain their own circular genomes (such as found in bacteria)
  • Analysis of the genes and proteins show significant similarity to those of bacteria.
25
Q

Membranes allow for compartmentalization of different cellular organelles. Why is this advantageous?

A
  • Specific sets of enzymes responsible for specific biochemical functions can be kept in close proximity to each other. Efficiency of the chemical reactions is increased if concentrated
  • Incompatible processes such as synthesis and degradation can be kept separate and not interfere with each other.
26
Q

Give an example of enzymes that are kept in close proximity of each other

A
  • Chloroplasts contains all the enzymes necessary for photosynthesis
  • Mitochondria for aerobic respiration.
27
Q

Different compartments contain what?

A

1) A unique set of enzymes

2) Different products (from those enzymes)

28
Q

What is the advantage of an increased membrane surface?

A

Increases the potential metabolic capacity across the membrane

29
Q

True or false: chloroplasts are directly responsible for an increase in the metabolic capacity of aerobic plant cells

A

False

In plant cells, mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration

(Chloroplasts contain enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

30
Q

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2+ 2 H2O + light energy –> C6H12O6 + H2O + O2

31
Q

What is the primary product of photosynthesis?

a) ATP
b) Carbohydrates
c) Oxygen

A

b) Carbs (ie. glucose)

Oxygen is a byproduct

32
Q

Describe the cycle of photosynthesis.

A

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Enters the Calvin Cycle where NADPH and ATP are used to drive the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.

33
Q

What is the primary source of ATP that fuels our bodily processes?

A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

Monosaccharides polymerize via _______ to form disaccharides

A

Glycosidic bonds

35
Q

Is galactose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

Mono

36
Q

Is sucrose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

Di

37
Q

Is maltose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

Di

38
Q

Is lactose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

Di

39
Q

Is fructose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

Mono

40
Q

Where (on the molecules) does the polymerization reaction of carbs usually occur?

A

On the OH groups on carbon 1 of one molec and carbon 4 on the other molec

41
Q

What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?

A

Alpha 1,4 and beta 1,4

42
Q

What structure forms when many monosaccharides are linked together?

A

Polysaccharides

43
Q

Give two examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Starch

44
Q

Describe the chemical structure of starch

A

Made up of alpha1-4 glycosidic linkages between alpha-glucose monomers

45
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

Amylopectin

Amylose

46
Q

Describe the difference between amylopectin and amylose

A

Amylopectin = branched

Amylose = unbranched

47
Q

Why is there a difference between amylopectin and amylose?

A

The interactions between neighbouring carbon atoms of each glucose monomer are different

Ex. In amylopectin, the glycosidic bonds form between carbon 6 of one monomer and carbon 1 of the other

48
Q

When starch is digested, how is it stored in our bodies?

A

Glycogen

49
Q

Where is glycogen stored in our bodies?

A

Liver

Muscles

50
Q

What is the structure of glycogen like?

A

Highly branched (more than amylopectin)

51
Q

What are the main steps, in order, of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis makes two pyruvates in cytosol

Pyruvate turn into acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA enters mitochondrial matrix

Acetyl CoA processed in Kreb’s cycle

Electron transport chain

52
Q

How many ATP molecules are made per glucose?

A

30

53
Q

Carbohydrates are metabolized first, followed by _____ and then _____

A

Fats

Proteins

54
Q

Why is ATP a source of molecular energy?

A

ATP has three phosphate groups, with four negative charges in close proximity. These negative charges then repel away from each other and give the electrons in the phosphate groups a very high potential energy

55
Q

What is the process that turns ATP into ADP + a phosphate group?

A

Hydrolysis

56
Q

True or false: the hydrolysis of ATP is a highly exergonic reaction.

A

True

57
Q

What is the meaning of exergonic?

A

Release energy in the process

58
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and an adenine

59
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Performing mechanical, transport, and chemical work

Transport of substances across a cell membrane AGAINST a concentration gradient

Many enzymes require energy to perform their functions

Bio 1A03 (18 decks)

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