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BIO 1A03 > Theme 1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Theme 1 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

organelle in which proteins and lipids are synthesized

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2
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins and lipids produced by ER

- sorts them to their different destinations

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3
Q

lysosomes

A

contain enzymes that break down macromolecules

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4
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain diff enzymes involved in metabolic reactions

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5
Q

mitochondria

A

produce most of the ATP needed to power the cell

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6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein filaments that provide the cell w an internal structural framework

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7
Q

cell wall

A

present in plant cells only

rigid barrier composed of polysaccharides

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8
Q

chloroplasts

A

give plant cells photosynthetic abilities

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9
Q

plasmodesmata

A

connect neighbouring plant cells

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10
Q

vacuoles

A

organelles in plant cells that create structural rigidity by maintaining turgor pressure against cell walls

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11
Q

cytosol

A

the jelly like internal env’t of the cell that surrounds the organelles inside the plasma membrane

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12
Q

nucleoid

A

region in prokaryotic cell that contains DNA

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13
Q

plasmids

A

circular molecules of DNA in prokaryotes that carry a few genes each

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14
Q

major diff b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes:
- no nucleus, smaller in size, no membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes:
- nucleus present allows for transciption and translation to occur in separate regions of the cell and allows for regulation of gene expression
- have membrane bound organelles

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15
Q

the diff b/w electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

A

electron: we can understand different types of structures to learn about the different functions of the cell
fluorescence: we can look at overall features such as composition of diff parts where different colours represent certain substances

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16
Q

about how many bacteria cells does the human microbiome contain?
how many adult human cells?

A

about 100 trillion bac

10 trillion human cells

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17
Q

our microbiome is __?

A

dynamic bc it changed throughout life

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18
Q

what is diff b/w babies born vaginally than by c-section?

A

exposed to different microbes and so they have different gut microbes

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19
Q

why are cell phones so gross bacterially?

A

we touch them all the time w hands, face, ect, and they generate heat which allows bacteria to grow and reproduce

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20
Q

why fecal transplants?

A

pseudomembranous colitis: inflammation of colon caused by bacteria in colon and is antibiotic resistant
- adds normal gut microbes and eliminates C. dificile infection restoring normal intestinal flora

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21
Q

other implications for fecal transplants?

A
  • type 2 diabetes treatment

- weight loss (skinny mice fecal transplant to fat mice)

22
Q

4 classes of macromolecules are:

A

proteins
polysaccharides
phospholipids
nucleic acids

23
Q

what is a cell?

A

a membrane bound structure containing macromolecules

24
Q

phospholipid

A

a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate and 2 fatty acids
aka fatty acid tails
are amphipathic: hydrophilic phosphate group head and hydrophobic FA tails

25
Q

amphipathic

A

having hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

26
Q

how many carbons are typically found in a FA chain?

A

16 or 18

27
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated bonds?

A

saturated: each available carbon has hydrogen bonded to it, making FA chain straight
unsaturated: contains double bonds b/w carbon atoms in FA chain, leaving it kinked

28
Q

steroid molecules

A

ie cholesterol

- 4 hydrocarbon ring structure

29
Q

what does it mean to be polar or non polar in terms of interacting w water?

A

polar molecules are hydrophilic meaning they can interact with water

non polar molecules are hydrophobic

30
Q

micelles

A

lipids w bulky heads and single hydrophobic FA tails are arranged in to ball like spherical structures
- important for nutrient absorption

31
Q

lipid bilayer

A

lipids w less bulky heads are arranged in 2 layers where heads are on outside and hydrophobic tails are on inside

  • this is how the cell membrane is arranged
  • explains how cell membrane is self healing
32
Q

liposomes

A

enclosed bilayer structure that forms spontaneously when phospholipids are thrown into env’ts w neutral pH like water
can trap macromolecules in the middle

33
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the ability of the phospholipids to move laterally within the cell membrane
NOTE: phospholipids can’t easily flip from upper to lower layers in a bilayer without using too much energy

34
Q

factors affecting fluidity of cell membranes

A
  1. unsaturated or saturated FAs: double bonds produce kinks that increase fluidity
  2. number of carbons in the FA tails (shorter tails = more fluid)
  3. temp (higher temp = more fluid)
  4. amt of cholesterol present (less is more fluid)
35
Q

cholesterol and its influence on the fluidity of the cell membrane

A

it makes up 30% of membrane lipids

  • at low temp, it prevents phospholipids from packing too tightly thus increasing fluidity
    • ie prevents dramatic changes in membrane from fluid to solid state
36
Q

lipid rafts

A

less fluid regions of the lipid membrane: not always uniform

  • can gather proteins in these areas too
  • less fluid bc of longer and saturated FA tails packing together and also making taller; also higher conc of cholesterol here
37
Q

how is fluidity related to permeability of the cell membrane?

A

less fluid membrane results in lower permeability

more fluid membrane results in higher permeability

38
Q

selectively permeable nature of cell membranes

A

cell membranes can control the movement of substances into and out of the cell:

  • sm hydrophobic molecules and ions move w conc. gradient
  • large polar molecules can’t move through
39
Q

transmembrane

A

are embedded in the cell membrane and allow hydrophilic molecules to move across
has hydrophobic middle region and hydrophilic ends allowing it to interact w cell membrane and its env’t

40
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

permanently assoc w cell membranes, can’t be removed w/o destroying the cell
- most are transmembrane proteins

41
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

temporarily assoc w cell membrane through weak bonds, etc. they can be removed easily
- can associate on internal or external side of the membrane

42
Q

passive diffusion

A

when a molecule moves along its concentration gradient, crosses phospholipid bilayer

  • does NOT use energy
    ex. small molecules, water
43
Q

passive transport/ facilitated diffusion

A

movement along a conc. grad. , requires proteins molecules that assist in transmembrane movement of the solutes

  • NO energy required
    ex. ions, most hydrophilic molecules
44
Q

active transport

A

movement AGAINST a concentration gradient, fuelled by hydrolysis of ATP

45
Q

osmosis

A

the passive transport of water across membranes

- water diffuses from less concentrated solutions to more concentrated solution

46
Q

aquaporins

A

protein channels that only transport water through osmosis

dependent upon conc grad., NO use of energy

47
Q

isotonic

A

extracellular fluid concentration is the same as it is inside the cell
- no net movement of water

48
Q

hypotonic

A

extracellular fluid has a lower concentration than inside the cell
- net movement of water inside cell, can cause swelling and bursting of cell

49
Q

hypertonic

A

extracellular fluid has higher solute concentration than inside cell
- net loss of water in cell to exterior env’t

50
Q

primary active transport

A

dependent on the direct expenditure of ATP

51
Q

secondary active transport

A

indirect expenditure of ATP where neighbouring transport proteins follow action of pump

52
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

BIO 1A03 (6 decks)

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