T1 M2 Organelles, Energy and App lec

Question 1

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 1

using oxygen as the final electron carrier in the ETC, resulting in the production of water

Question 2

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 2

synthesis of ATP by adding a phosphate group to an ADP molecule

Question 3

endomembrane system

Answer 3

• present in eukaryotic cells
• incl the nuclear envelope, and other membrane structures such as the ER, golgi apparatus and plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
• perform most lipid and protein synthesis
• allows for phagocytosis and exocytosis which involve compartmentalization of things entering and exiting the cell

Question 4

are chloroplasts and mitochondria included in the endomembrane system?

Answer 4

no because they are likely bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes over time and evolved to develop their present function
- also they have their own DNA

Question 5

prokaryotic cells

Answer 5

unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and have few to no organelles

Question 6

eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles

Question 7

photosynthesis

Answer 7

process used in plant cells to convert light energy into chemical energy that will get stored in the bonds of carbohydrate molecules
- happens in double membraned chloroplast

Question 8

cellular respiration

Answer 8

process used in plant and animal cells to release energy stored in bonds of carb molecules and form ATP
- happens in double membraned mitochondria

Question 9

about how many mitochondria are there in a cell?

Answer 9

anywhere from 50 to 1,000,000

Question 10

how are mitochondria similar to bacteria

Answer 10

• they have their own circular genome
• produce enzymes necessary for protein synthesis
• about same size and appearance as bacterial cells

Question 11

endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution

Answer 11

states that early eukaryotes became hosts to aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes which we now know as mitochondria and chloroplasts
– these temporary relationships are permanent and heritable thus they are part of the cell now

Question 12

why are organelles important?

Answer 12

• they allow for compartmentalization. ie certain enzymes w like functions can be kept together
• also opposing functions can be kept separate
• increases membrane surface area

Question 13

increased membrane surface area can cause what?

Answer 13

• increases potential metabolic capacity across the membrane

Question 14

glycosidic linkages

Answer 14

covalent bonds formed b/w monosaccharides (condensation reactions) to form complex sugars
- give alpha or beta 1, 4 glycosidic linkages b/w OH groups on C1 and C4 molecules

Question 15

name the monosaccharides

Answer 15

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 16

name the disaccharides

Answer 16

sucrose
lactose
maltose

Question 17

polysaccharides

Answer 17

often storage from of energy

starch and glycogen

Question 18

ETC

Answer 18

electron transport chain
- present in inner mitochondrial membrane
establishes a proton gradient used to produce ATP in mitochondria yields 36 ATP/ 32 idk hopefully this isn’t a question

Question 19

how many ATP are yielded from a molecule of glucose

Answer 19

30

Question 20

exergonic reaction

Answer 20

produces energy

ex. hydrolysis of ATP

Question 21

ATP

Answer 21

composed of 3 phosphate groups, a ribose sugar and an adenine
- cleavage of a phosphate group yields 30.5 kJ/mol ATP

Question 22

oxidation and reduction reaction

Answer 22

reduction: gaining e-
oxidation: losing e-

Question 23

beta oxidation of FAs

Answer 23

allows fatty acids from lipids to be broken down into NADH and FADH2 and Acetyl CoA to yield energy

Question 24

when sufficient carbohydrate is not present, the body will use what as energy?

Answer 24

lipids first, then proteins
glycerol -> glucose and enters cycle
AAs -> pyruvate -> TCA

Question 25

the camel’s hump

Answer 25

• can weigh up to 80 lbs
• consists of pure fat (tristearin - lots of bonds can be broken to yield plenty of energy, also a source of water bc produces H2O when metabolized)
• size increases when replenishes food source and decreases when camel goes w/o eating for a long time
• camels have extreme water loss tolerance (30-40% is ok), long noses to keep moist air, dry feces

Question 26

migrating geese

Answer 26

eat a lot in fall, to have enough energy to migrate, they can lose up to half of their entire body weight in fat

Question 27

what is the most extreme bird

Answer 27

bar headed goose
- flies over mountains at high speeds – 65km/h
they break down FAs into bloodstream and proteins carry them to muscle cells where there are more mitochondria
- also have greater ventilation rates w thinner alveolar membranes at capillary beds w lots of mitochondria, Hb binds to O2 better

Question 28

locusts

Answer 28

can fly over oceans

- start by breaking down glucose and after 30 mins begin using lipid stores as energy

Question 29

ketone bodies

Answer 29

contain 38% more recoverable energy than glucose and FAs as they can be converted into acetyl coA
- are these an alternative source of fuel?
they are produced when more FAs circulate in the body

high ketone drink called delta G given to athletes can provided higher degree of energy.
is this doping? this is expensive. are there side effects?

Question 30

some functions of proteins

Answer 30

• transport and signalling: hormones, protein channels
• movement and structure: myosin, actin
• enzymes
• defense: antibodies

Question 31

nucleus

Answer 31

double membrane bound domain that contains chromosomes which pack and control DNA molecules, contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

Question 32

nucleolus

Answer 32

a non membrane bound spherical structure within the nucleus that contains the genes and transcripts for rRNA

Question 33

nuclear pores

Answer 33

allow for things to move between nucleus and cytosol such as nucleic acids and enzymes

Question 34

ribosomes

Answer 34

synthesize proteins
2 kinds produce diff kinds of proteins
- also remain free in cytoplasm or attached to ER until needed

Question 35

condensation reactions that polymerize amino acids are where

Answer 35

catalyzed within the ribosome

Question 36

chemical structure of a protein/ amino acid

Answer 36

central carbon w a H, amino group and carboxyl group

also a variable side chain connected to central C gives protein unique properties

Question 37

peptide bonds

Answer 37

bonds b/w amino acids that are made via condensation reactions and result in formation of polypeptides
- form b/w OH group and amino group of 2 AAs

Question 38

what is important about the properties of the side chain in a protein?

Answer 38

they dictate the shape of a protein

ie hydrophobic will slide inside and hydrophilic stays outside

Question 39

primary protein structure

Answer 39

sequence of AA formation

Question 40

secondary protein structure

Answer 40

folding into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Question 41

alpha helix protein folding

Answer 41

polymer is turned into a spiral by formation of H bonds b/w carbonyl and carboxyl groups
- R groups stick out from helix

Question 42

beta pleated sheet protein folding

Answer 42

broad lines w arrowheads made of parallel protein strands w H bonds also formed b/w carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent strands

• R groups extend above and below the B-sheet
• adjacent strands can run in opposite (antiparallel) or the same (parallel) direction

Question 43

tertiary protein structure

Answer 43

3-D shape forms that will determine function

- determined by interactions b/w R groups

Question 44

free ribosomes

Answer 44

translate proteins that will remain in the cytosol or be targeted to organelles that include the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
- some of these proteins incl enzymes for glycolysis, or structural proteins

Question 45

what are some interactions b/w R groups that occur

Answer 45

H bonding, Van der Walls interactions, covalent and ionic bonding, disulphide bonding and hydrophobic interactions

Question 46

quaternary protein structure

Answer 46

association of different polypeptide subunits to form a fully functional protein

Question 47

molecular chaperones

Answer 47

proteins that bind to hydrophobic regions of nascent polypeptides and prevent incorrect folding long enough for the correct structure to form

Question 48

chaperonins

Answer 48

large molecular complexes that form isolation chambers

- nascent proteins are held here so it doesn’t interfere with proper protein folding