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Fundamentals 2 > Them Bacteriaz > Flashcards

Them Bacteriaz Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria are

A

single-cell organisms and prokaryotes

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2
Q

amount of chromosomes in bacteria

A

1 chromosome – can have more than one copy

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3
Q

size of bacteria

A

0.2-2 microns in diameter

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4
Q

two shapes of bacteria

A

cocci or bacili

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5
Q

cocci pair examples

A

pneumococci, meningococci, gonococci

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6
Q

chain cocci examples

A

streptococci

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7
Q

“grape like clusters”

A

staphylococcus

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8
Q

bacilli

A

rod shape of bacteria that varies in length

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9
Q

types of bacilli (rods)

A

square/rounded ends, short and rounded, tapered ends (fusiform), curved rods

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10
Q

hook shapes

A

vibros

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11
Q

prokaryotic nucleus

A

no nuclear membrane

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12
Q

prokaryotic division

A

no mitotic division

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13
Q

prokaryotic DNA

A

not associated with histones

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14
Q

prokaryotic organelles

A

no membrane-bound

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15
Q

prokaryotic ribsome size

A

70s

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16
Q

eukaryotic ribosome size

A

80s

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17
Q

types of storage granules

A

glycogen, PBHB, elemental sulfur, polymerized metaphosphate

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18
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosonal DNA elements

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19
Q

bacteria that produce spores

A

bacillus and clostridium

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20
Q

bacillis

A

gram positive, rod shaped, obligate aerobe

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21
Q

clostridium

A

gram positive, rod shapes, obligate anaerobe

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22
Q

spores do not

A

undergo division, only germination (under favorable conditions will germinate and produce a single vegetative cell)

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23
Q

prokaryotic cell membrane

A

no cholesterol or sterols (EXCEPT mycoplamas)

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24
Q

mycoplasmas

A

cause primary atypical pneumonia

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25
Q

cationic dye added: bacteria stain

A

purple

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26
Q

add iodine

A

bacteria stain more purple

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27
Q

add ethanol/acetone

A

decolorization step, gram negative become decoloarized

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28
Q

counterstain

A

positive -> purple, negative -> pink

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29
Q

the more cross-linking of peptioglycan…

A

the more pigmentation

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30
Q

peptioglycan

A

polysaccharide with peptide cross links responsible for the structural rigidity of the cell, “sac like macromolecule” surrounding the entire cell

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31
Q

basic units of peptioglycan

A

NAG, NAA

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32
Q

peptioglycan sygar moeities

A

beta-1,4 linkage <– cleaved by lysozyme (saliva, tears, white blood cells)

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33
Q

peptioglycan crosslinking

A

via a pentaglycine bridge which is inhibited by penicillin

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34
Q

teichoic acids

A

found in gram positive organisms, repeating units of ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate joined through phosphodiester linkages, constitute major surface antigens of certain gram positive bacteria

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35
Q

wall teichoic acids

A

are attached to peptioglycan

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36
Q

membrane teichoic acids

A

attached to lipids embedded in the membrane

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37
Q

gram negative

A

outer membrane lipid bilayer composed of phospholipid and protein.

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38
Q

major antigenic determinants of gram negative bacteria

A

O-antigens (outer part of outer membrane that is anchored to the lipopolysaccharide)

39
Q

endotoxin: gram negative

A

very important contributing factor to the severity of disease, lipopolysaccharide is the endotoxin of gram negative bacteria

40
Q

space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane

A

perplasmic space and location for a number of hydrolytic enzymes or lysosomal-like enzymes present in gram negatives

41
Q

lipid A

A

responsible for endotoxic activity of gram negative bacteria - virtually constant among gram negative organisms

42
Q

presence of an O antigen

A

determines if the bacteria is “smooth” (as does a capsule), also important for serological typing “serotyping”

43
Q

protoplasts

A

gram positive, mycoplasma, “bacterial persisters”

44
Q

spheroplasts

A

gram negative, do no completely shed peptioglycan layer due to retention of the outer membrane

45
Q

capsules

A

smooth, prevents pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis, most are polysaccharides, K antigens (antigenic determinants)

46
Q

bacillus anthracis capsule

A

made up of polyglutamic acid

47
Q

flagella

A

not virulence factors, 3-12 microns, stain to see, locomotion, H antigens (serotype), flagellins, differences in aa primary structure

48
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all around the bacteria (vs. polar flagella on opposite sides)

49
Q

pili

A

short hair like projections, protein in character, thinner and shorter than flagella, thought to be involved in adhesion,

50
Q

F-pilus

A

special pilus used for conjugation (receptor for specific F phages)

51
Q

definition of endotoxin

A

LPS component of gram negative bacterial outer membranes that is released at cell destruction or during normal growth cycles

52
Q

definition of exotoxin

A

substance elaborated into the host tissues by a microorganism that causes damage to structure or function of affected target cells

53
Q

definition of fibronectin

A

host cell surface associated glycoprotein that mediates nonspecific adherence of some bacteria (staph)

54
Q

definition of pyogenic

A

stimulates the recruitment of polymorphonuclear white cells

55
Q

definition of pathogenic bacteria

A

cause disease in the host…host inflammatory reponse

56
Q

opportunistic bacteria

A

cause disease in immunosupressed, not healthy, people

57
Q

barriers to entry

A

skin, ciliated epithelium, antibacterial secretions, mucin layer

58
Q

pili and fimbriae

A

rod shaped protein structures, ordered array of single subunits, with tip structure that attached to host (usually carb residues)

59
Q

adherence of bacteria occurs via:

A

pilli/fimbriae, afimbrial adhesins, biofilms

60
Q

afimbrial adhesions

A

bacterial cell surface proteins that do not form pili, mediate binding to host (usually host proteins)

61
Q

biofilms

A

ordered 3-D structures composed of pillars of bacteria surrounded by water channels, formed by bounding bacteria within polysaccharide slime, refractory to disinfectants and antibiotics

62
Q

biofilms can…

A

be the source of aerosolized bacteria, can form on body surfaces/plastic tubing/plastic implants

63
Q

iron

A

is essential to bacterial growth and is not found in its free form in humans (bound to transferrin/lactoferrin/ferritin/hemoglobin)

64
Q

bacteria sequester

A

iron

65
Q

bacterial sequester iron via

A

siderophores (low MW secreted compounds), binding to host proteins to sequester iron, toxins to kill host cells, iron abstinence

66
Q

lyme disease causing bacteria

A

do not require iron for growth, use Mn as an alternate cofactor in non-dispensable enzymes

67
Q

dealing with uptake via phagocytosis

A

1) prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion 2) degrade/form pores in lysosome membrane

68
Q

phagocytosed bacteria can be killed by what host defense(s)?

A

NK cells, cytotoxic T-cell response

69
Q

adaptation to live in a phagolysosome

A

producing enzymes that detoxify reactive oxygen species/prevent oxidative burst

70
Q

phagocytes

A

immune cells with lysosomes

71
Q

(Shigella or listeria) & actin

A

bacteria that grow in cytoplasm induce actin condensation to move to neighboring cells

72
Q

shigella enters through

A

M cells

73
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

cluster on bacterial chromosome of genes encoding virulence factors

74
Q

hallmarks of pathogenicity islands

A

different CG content, near/within tRNA genes, encode virulence factors, acquired via horizontal gene transfer

75
Q

virulence factor exams

A

adhesins, specialized secretory systems, toxins

76
Q

horizontal gene transfer occurs via

A

transposons, bacteriophages

77
Q

Type I Secretory System

A

one channel, span inner&outer membranes, no periplasm intermediates, one protein apparatus (usually); hemolysin

78
Q

Type II Secretory System

A

general, inner membrane steps, periplastic intermediate, signal sequence (termini a), secrete virulence and non-virulent factors, cholera toxins

79
Q

Type III Secretory System

A

one channel, span inner&outer membranes, several proteins, made to secrete virulence factors; “needle type”

80
Q

“needle type” secretory system

A

Type III, injects virulence factors straight from bacteria to eukaryotic cytoplasm. result: changes cell signal transduction pathway causes inflammation, opening of tight junctions, electrolyte secretions, alteration on cytoskeleton; E.coli

81
Q

Type IV Secretory System

A

span inner&outer membrane, several proteins, transfer bacterial DNA/effector proteins; “pili-type” structure; H. pylori

82
Q

capsules

A

usually polysaccharides & occasionally proteins, protect against complement activation and phagocytes, some made with sialic acid or hyaluronic acid to mimic host cells

83
Q

LPS

A

complement target in gram - bacteria,

84
Q

LPS modification to change complement interaction

A

attach sialic acid to O-antigen (prevents C3 convertase formation), change LPS O-antigen length (prevents MAC mediated death)

85
Q

exotoxins vs. endotoxin

A

exo found in gram - and +, endo in gram - only

86
Q

exotoxin nomenclature is based on:

A

target, producing bacteria, activity, designated letter

87
Q

the majority of bacterial toxins are encoded on

A

mobile genetic elements (bacteriophages) and plasmids (e.g. heat stable and heat labile toxins

88
Q

type I toxins

A

bind to cell, not translocated inside; superantigens

89
Q

superantigens

A

type I toxin, bind to MHC class II (macrophages), bind to T cell receptors (that bind to MHC), 1:5 T cells are stimulated by the binding of superantigens –> excessive cytokine (IL-2) release —> toxic shock (strep)

90
Q

type II toxins

A

destroy eukaryotic membrane integrity; protein that forms membrane channels or an enzymes (phospholipase) that remove the polar head group of membrane phospholipids (s. aureus alpha)

91
Q

type III toxins

A

A(=1) -B(>=1) toxins, A subunit has enzymatic activity, B subunit binds to host cell receptor (usually carb based), simple/complex toxins enter the cell

92
Q

A-B subunits

A

type III toxins, usually separated by proteolytic cleavage but remain connected; A subunit is translocated into the cytoplasm, the B subunit determines toxin specificity

93
Q

A subunit

A

removes ADP-ribosyl group from NAD, covalent attachment to host protein —> creates a variety of pathogenic downstream effects

Fundamentals 2 (7 decks)

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