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Fundamentals 2 > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

PS Spinal Cord Segments

A

cranial/sacral

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2
Q

cranial portion of parasympathetic system

A

3, 7, 9, 10

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3
Q

sacral portion of parasympathetic system

A

form the pelvic nerves, innervate the bladder, rectum, and sex organs

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4
Q

parasympathetic ganglionic structure

A

long presynaptic, short postsynaptic, ganglia within innervated organ

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5
Q

parasympathetic organization

A

discretely

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6
Q

sympathetic spinal cord segments

A

thoracic to 2nd to 3rd lumbar

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7
Q

axons emerge from

A

anterior roots and synapse in para/preverterbral ganglia

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8
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

form chains beside the vertebral column

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9
Q

sympathetic organization

A

ganglia near spinal cord allows for diffuse branching (generalized response)

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10
Q

transmitter at sympathetic ganglia

A

is Ach

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11
Q

transmitter at sympathetic neuroeffector juctions

A

almost always norepinephrine (some sympathetic cholinergic fibers to sweat glands and a tiny amount of blood vessels

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12
Q

sympathetic

A

adrenergic

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13
Q

parasympathetic

A

cholinergic

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14
Q

somatic nervous system has

A

long myelinated fibers in cranial and spinal nerves, no ganglia outside the CNS, Ach transmitter at NMJ

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15
Q

PS and S have afferent neruons

A

that carry information back to the CNS (reflex circuits)

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16
Q

reflex circuits coordinate

A

things such as blood pressure, heart rate, and response to stress

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17
Q

classic example of autonomic reflex

A

baroreceptor reflex that impacts response to drugs for CV disorders

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18
Q

Ach is made from

A

choline + acetyl coA —CAT–>

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19
Q

Ach is made where?

A

cytoplasm –> stored in vesicles (VAT)

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20
Q

Ach vesicle release is triggered by

A

depolarization, voltage sensitive Ca2+ channel influx, vesicular exocytosis

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21
Q

Ach is degraded by

A

hydrolyzation via membrane bound ACE in less than a millisecond

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22
Q

Botox A

A

blocks Ach exocytosis –> causes flaccid paralysis

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23
Q

black widow spider

A

alpha-latrotoxin, massive Ach vesicle release

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24
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

skeletal NMJ & chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, ligand gated ion channels, must bind 2 molecules of Ach

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25
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

smooth, G protein coupled, 5 localized subtypes,

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26
Q

curare

A

blocks nicotinic response

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27
Q

atropine

A

atropa belladonna, blocks muscarinic response

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28
Q

dale principle

A

chemical and electrical signals in the nervous system

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29
Q

structure of nicotinic receptor

A

pentamers of 1-4 distinct by homolgous subunits

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30
Q

nicotinic channel activation results in

A

increase in Na+ and Ca2+ permeability

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31
Q

receptor found at autonomic ganglia

A

nicotinic (Ng)

32
Q

activation of nicotinic receptors causes

A

depolarization/contraction in skeletal muscle, depolarization/firing in nerves, secretion in the adrenal medulla

33
Q

M1, M3, M5

A

G(q) —> PLC —> Ca2+ release –> smooth muscle contraction/secretion

34
Q

M2, M4

A

G(i/o) —-> activate K+ channels, inhibit adenylyl cyclase, inhibit voltage gated Ca2+ channels

35
Q

M2 receptors

A

found in the heart, modulate at the ANS ganglia

36
Q

adrenergic neurons synthesize

A

norepinephrine and dopamine

37
Q

peripheral sympathetic neurons synthesize

A

norepinephrine

38
Q

adrenal medulla secretes

A

80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine

39
Q

rate limiting step for transmitter synthesis

A

tyrosine —TH—> DOPA

40
Q

DOPA —> dopamine enzyme

A

DOPA decarboxylase

41
Q

dopamine is put into vesicles and

A

THEN it is converted into norepinephrine via DBH

42
Q

adrenal medulla converts

A

norepinephrine into epinephrine via PNMT

43
Q

predominant inactivation of norepinephrine

A

reuptake (diffusion away from site of action also plays a role)

44
Q

MAO and COMT

A

inactivate, but do not remove Ach —> byproduct is VMA

45
Q

COMT

A

widely distributed and thought to degrade epinephrine

46
Q

VMA

A

MAO and COMT mediated Ach breakdown byproduct, measured in urine as diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma

47
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine interact with

A

pre AND post synaptic receptors

48
Q

all adrenergic receptors are

A

G protein coupled

49
Q

tyramine

A

cheese effect

50
Q

α1

51
Q

Gq

A

PLC –> Ca2+

52
Q

α2

A

Gi/Go —| adenyl cyclase

53
Q

Gi/Go

A

inactivate adenyl cyclase, activate certain K+ channels, inhibit voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels

54
Q

in the periphery, alpha 2 receptors

A

are found on presynaptic terminals and therefore mediate feedback inhibition of norepinephrine release

55
Q

beta1/2

A

coupled to Gs

56
Q

Gs

A

–> adenylyl cyclase —-> increase in cAMP

57
Q

β3

A

found on adipose tissues (hopefully the future lipolytic drugs)

58
Q

epinephrine vs. norepinephrine

A

norepinephrine is a poor β2 agonist

59
Q

metyrosine

60
Q

reserpine

A

blocks VMAT

61
Q

adrenergic vesicles end up containing

A

about to be converted dopamine AND norepinephrine from reuptake

62
Q

vascular system

A

IS ESSENTIALLY NOT INNERVATED BY THE PS SYSTEM

63
Q

vasocontriction

A

sympathetic

64
Q

there are no good

A

selective muscarinic agonists

65
Q

false neurontransmitter

A

methyl-dopa

66
Q

blockage of adrenergic neurotransmitter reuptake

A

cocaine, tricyclic anitdepressants

67
Q

trimethaphan

A

blocks GANGLIONIC nicotinic receptors

68
Q

curare

A

blocks nicotinic (Nm) receptors

69
Q

tyramine is usually

A

metabolized by MAO

70
Q

adrenergic transmitter release

A

potentiation: tyramine, amphetamine

71
Q

block adrenergic transmitter release

A

guanethidine, bretylium

72
Q

somatic nervous system nerves

A

are myelinated, all or none depolarization

73
Q

tricyclic antidepressant

A

imipramine, prevents adrenergic neurotransmitter reuptake

74
Q

α2 purpose

A

inhibits secretion, decrease aqueous humor production, negative feedback for norepinephrine release, increase glucose (inhibit insulin, activate glucagon breakdown)

75
Q

parasympathetic reflexes

A

mechanoreceptor and chemosensory information (bp, CO2, gut distension), return to CNS via vagus/CNs

76
Q

sympathetic reflexes

A

temperature and tissue injury information (viscerla pain, etc), return to CNS via dorsal horn and spinal column

Fundamentals 2 (7 decks)

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