Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals 2 > Bacterial Growth & Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Growth & Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

capnophilic

A

require carbon dioxide concentrations greater than those in room air for optimal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

organism that can grow with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fastidious nutrition

A

need by the cell for numerous essential nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic ATP generating process in which organic substrates are oxidized incompletely to form acids or alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

generation time

A

time needed by a cel to form two daughter cells from a mother cel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lag phase

A

phase of cell metabolism in which cells are preparing for cell biosynthesis and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microaerophile

A

a cell that requires low oxygen levels for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pasteurization

A

when milk (products) are exposed to certain temperatures for a certain amount of time to destroy (potentially) pathogenic non-spore bacteria transmissible by these products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

deletion mutant

A

mutation, loss of gene portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diploid/haploid

A

2N/1N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

growth, in terms of bacteria

A

means multiplication (increase in number, not size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bacteria energy is produced via

A

oxidation reduction of various substrates (proteins/carbs) and breakdown of protein products found in growth medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

aerobes

A

SOD and catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anaerobes

A

neither SOD nor catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

SOD and catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

microaerophilic

A

oxygen tolerant, SOD, no catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

autotrophs

A

bacteria that derive energy from the oxidation of inorganic substrates or from sunlight if photosynthetic (energy used to fix and convert CO2 into bacterial mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

heterotrophs

A

all bacteria of medical importance, require one or more organic carbon components as energy sources and for biosynthetic precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

siderophores

A

Fe chelating substances that compete with the host for Fe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

growth factor requirements

A

when a bacteria requires exogenour sources of aa, B vitamins and/or nucleic acid constituents, are determined with the use of chemically defined media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

psychrophiles

A

0 to 25 dgrs C, optimum 10-15 dgrs C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mesophiles

A

most human infections, 15 to 45 dgrs C, optimum 30-37 dgrs C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thermophiles

A

35 to 70 dgrs C, optimum ~55 dgrs C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in the absence of oxygen

A

everything but aerobes will use metabolic intermediates as the terminal electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic utilization of carbohydrates, distinguished by end product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

homolactic acid fermentation

A

simplest pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

catalase

A

break, 2h2o2 –> 2h2o + o2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SOD

A

make, so2- + 2H+ –> h2o2 +o2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CO2

A

atmospheric component required by most bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ideal pH

A

6-7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ideal osmotic pressure

A

physiological saline (ability to live at high pressures is important for isolation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

binary fission

A

2 identical daughter cells barring spontaneous mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in a colony

A

all bacteria derived from a single progenitor, and are therefore clonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

solid media

A

is liquid media with agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

liquid media

A

employed due to ease and accuracy in isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

indirect measurements of growth

A

change in turbidity, bacterial dry weight, bacterial nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

direct measurement of growth

A

total/viable counting techniques, hemocytometer,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

viable/plate count

A

depends on plating suitable dilutions of a sample to ensure that the counting is possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cell max

A

maxes out before cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lag phase

A

inoculum adaptation, little to no increase in numbers, cells become more metabolically active, cells increase in mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

duration of lag phase

A

depends on inoculum size and metabolic state and suitability of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

log phase

A

rapid increase in numbers until a max log rate is achieved; growth parameters (including number) are increasing at the same rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cells in log phase

A

are large, rich in ribosomes and active metabolically, sensitive to bactericidal antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

stationary phase

A

nutrient depletion, metabolic products accumulating, growth slows until viable concentration becomes constant (dynamic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cells in stationary phase

A

are smaller, less metabolically active, and more resistant to toxic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

death or decline phase

A

rapid decrease in cell number, not well understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

small cells are found in

A

lag, stationary, and death phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

medium cells are found in

A

acceleration, deceleration,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cellular activity and size in log phase

A

very high, steady state, large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

changes in protein synthesis

A

controlled by RNA polymerase sigma factors

51
Q

all methods of bacteria killing are

A

TIME DEPENDENT, minimal effective time required

52
Q

temperature

A

moist more effective (autoclave); fridge/freezer temperatures prevent growth, but do not kill

53
Q

autoclave

A

15lbs. 15 minutes

54
Q

oven sterilization

A

2 hours, 160-180 degrees

55
Q

radiation

A

UV (DNA sensitivity, little penetration power), ionization (effective but expensive)

56
Q

four physical methods of bacteria genocide

A

temperature, radiation, filtration, asepsis

57
Q

more convenient filter

A

cellulose ester type, used when there is a propensity to denature at high temperatures

58
Q

asepsis

A

maintain sterility (wrapping)

59
Q

chemical methods to stop bacterial growth

A

alcohols, detergents, phenols, helogens, heavy metals, h2o2, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide

60
Q

formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide

A

alkylating agents (oxide in gaseous form)

61
Q

shigella

A

quickly developed resistance to sulfa drugs

62
Q

genetic code

A

non overlapping and redundant

63
Q

mutation

A

any heritable change or alteration in DNA that is mutated

64
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the same gene

65
Q

haploid

A

bacteria, do not have to worry about recessive phenotypes

66
Q

merodiploid state

A

when a second copy or a specific gene on a plasmid is introduced into a bacteria (semi-diploid –> two copies of only one gene)

67
Q

diploid bacteria

A

only found for a certain time during cell division

68
Q

types of mutation

A

point, frameshift mutation

69
Q

reversion/supression

A

come on, after a nonsense mutation

70
Q

missense

A

different aa

71
Q

frame shift mutations

A

usually result in the formation of a truncated or shortened abnormal protein product, does not change codons prior to the mutation

72
Q

induced mutation

A

external stimuli – chemical, physical, site-directed mutagens

73
Q

composite transposon

A

consists of a host gene flanked by an insertion sequence

74
Q

episome

A

a plasmid that can integrate itself into the chromosome of a host organism

75
Q

insertion sequence

A

transposon gene flanked by special DNA sequences necessary for movement

76
Q

lysogeny

A

when bacterial and viral genomes replicate synchronously in a virus-infected bacterium; results in viral genome integration into the bacterial genomes

77
Q

lysogenic bacteriophage

A

bacterial virus with a toxin encoding genome that integrates into the host genomes

78
Q

plasmids

A

autonomously replication DNA molecules found in bacteria. transferred from cell to cell, control their own ‘copy number’, HAVE LINEAR VERSIONS

79
Q

replicons

A

any form of DNA that includes all elements necessary for replication, includes plasmids, chromosomal DNA, bacteriophages. not transposons

80
Q

transduction

A

introduction of foreign genes into a cell via a virus vector

81
Q

generalized transduction

A

any one host gene has an equal chance of being transduced

82
Q

specialized transduction

A

only the host gene adjacent to the phage DNA attachment site is transduced

83
Q

bacteria can evolve faster by

A

acquiring exogenous DNA and subsequently generating a new set of phenotypes

84
Q

recombinations is used to

A

adapt/speed up evolution, change genome order, aids in DNA repair of large chromosomal breaks

85
Q

four types of recombination

A

homologous, illegitimate, site-specific, insertion sequences and transposons

86
Q

rec A

A

homologous recombination, large region

87
Q

sequence specific enzymes

A

site-specific (small region), insertions sequences and transposons (very small region)

88
Q

incorporation of circular (plasmid) vs. linear DNA

A

one vs. two crossovers

89
Q

excised DNA

A

usually lost, but can persist as a plasmid if it contains a replicon

90
Q

site specific recombination involving a plasmid or phage

A

results in a net increase in chromosomal DNA

91
Q

transposition requires

A

site specific recombinase called a transposase (usually contains all the necessary genes for transposition)

92
Q

transposons (overview)

A

30-1000bp, variations in complexity, inverted repeats at both ends, often carry antibiotic resistance

93
Q

pathogenicity islands are introduced

A

via site specific enzymes

94
Q

path islands..

A

occupy large chromosomal regions and are found in pathogenic strains with virulent genes and mobility genes, varied G+C content, flanked, associated with tRNA, and unstable

95
Q

transformation

A

introduction of ‘naked’ DNA, sensitive to DNAase

96
Q

smooth strep pneumoniae

A

virulent mice killers!

97
Q

naturally competent bacteria (transformation)

A

strep pneum, h. influenzae, n. meningitidis

98
Q

natural (genetic) transformation

A

requires homologous recombination to form a stable recombinant gene

99
Q

induced transformation

A

bacteria are manipulated via high salt concentrations or electroporation. important for molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology

100
Q

conjugation is

A

almost exclusively mediated by plasmids

101
Q

conjugative plasmids

A

have the F factor and are low in copy number

102
Q

4 types of conjugation

A

regular, Hfr, nonconjugative plasmid mobilization, conjugative transposons

103
Q

Hfr chromosome transfer

A

high frequency recombination: integration via site specific recombination (into chromosomal replicon, can still conjugate)

104
Q

hfr can

A

excise again to form an F plasmid again, incorrect excision results in a F’ element; or it can conjugate into a recipient F cell DIRECTLY FROM THE CHROMOSOME <– used to map genomes in the past

105
Q

mobilizable plasmids

A

do not have transfer genes, but do have oriT (origin of transfer), transfer factors come from a helper plasmid cell (increases the probability of plasmid conjugation)

106
Q

self transfer

A

movement of a COPY of the transposon and chromosomal integration

107
Q

mobilization can

A

occur with a co-resident plasmid

108
Q

conjugative transposon can either

A

donate its machinery to the plasmid or can insert into the plasmid

109
Q

R plasmids

A

resistance plasmids

110
Q

many bacterial pathogens

A

require large plasmids for their virulence

111
Q

plasmid mediated virulence factors

A

antibiotic resistance genes, colonization factors (CFA), toxins, virulence, invasions, secretion

112
Q

transduction

A

a phage carrying chromosomal DNA from an infected donor to a newly infected recipient cell. requires a specific bacteriophage or virus to mediate exchange

113
Q

lysed bacteria on a agar plate

A

results in a cleared zone or ‘plaque’

114
Q

simple and complex phage

A

filamentous; T4 (consist of nucleic acid and protein)

115
Q

phage infection is initiated by

A

binding to specific receptors on the surface of the bacteria (conjugation pili, flagella, teichoic acid)

116
Q

transducing particles

A

not lytic and used to inject recombinant DNA into a new host without its eventual lysis (do not possess own genetic material)

117
Q

transduction can be prevented

A

by removing phage particles from culture supernatant

118
Q

lysogenic phase

A

integration of prophage into bacterial chromosome in order to form a lysogen, triggered to lytic cycle via external stress

119
Q

lysogen is

A

immune from a second or superinfection with another similar phage

120
Q

temperate phase λ

A

first phage used to study lysogeny and immunity, can do specialized transduction (few specific donor genes)

121
Q

stress leads to

A

specific bacterial protease that degrades repressor molecules resulting in prophage release and eventually lytic death

122
Q

specialized transduction

A

rare recombinants formed during excision of the prophage upon stress that contain a small region of chromosome adjacent to prophage attachment site

123
Q

phage conversion examples are

A

v. cholera:entero/choleratoxin; c. botulinum:botox; s. pyogenes:pyrogenic exotoxins

124
Q

phage conversion is

A

transduction that leads to conversion of a non-pathogenic bacteria into a pathogenic one; common method for obtaining virulence genes

Fundamentals 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions