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History - The Cold War - Part 1 > The Widening Of The Cold War (4) > Flashcards

The Widening Of The Cold War (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Eisenhower inaugurated (start office as president)?

A

Jan 1953

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2
Q

Who was Eisenhower?

A
  • President of US 1953-1961
  • Liberal Republican (described himself as “middle of the road”)
  • Background in military + foreign relations (Army Chief of Staff, then Supreme Commander of NATO)
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3
Q

How can Eisenhower’s liberal stance be seen in national policy?

A
  • Democrats controlled Congress 3/4 time
  • Continued The New Deal (programme of internal reforms proposed by Roosevelt in 1933 with aim of using gov resources to combat the Depression)
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4
Q

Who opposed The New Deal (US internal reforms)?

A

The rich (involved higher tax for them)

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5
Q

Who supported The New Deal (US internal reforms)?

A

Some politicians (E.g. Huey Long) believed it wasn’t doing enough to help the poor

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6
Q

Briefly outline Truman’s Cold War policy

A

‘IRON FIST’(HARD ON COMMUNISM)

  • USA must retain sufficient influence in W.Europe (NATO)
  • USA must retain sufficient influence in Asia (DPS, Japan, Korea)
  • Soviets are threatening communist expansion which must be contained (Truman Doctrine)
  • USA must retain strong conventional forces + nuclear arsenal, even if this uses lots of money + men (NSC-68)
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7
Q

Briefly outline Eisenhower’s Cold War Policy

A

NEED TO STOP COMMUNISM, BUT MORE PEACEFUL

  • USA must retain sufficient influence in W.Europe (NATO cont, FRG join NATO)
  • USA must retain sufficient influence in Asia (DPS cont, SEATO)
  • Soviets are threatening communist expansion which must be contained (Truman Doctrine cont) + rolled back (NLP)
  • USA must retain a strong nuclear arsenal, but reduce military spending + use of men (NLP)
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8
Q

What were the key similarities between Truman + Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies?

A
  • Need to maintain influence in W.Europe
  • Need to maintain influence in Asia
  • Need to contain communist threat
  • Need to have a military capable of dealing with the communist threat
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9
Q

What were the key differences between Truman + Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies?

A
  • Eisenhower placed more emphasis on alliances
  • Eisenhower also wanted to rollback communist threat
  • Eisenhower wanted to reduce loss of money + men by reducing conventional forces + increasing nuclear forces
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10
Q

What alliances did Eisenhower strengthen/form?

A
  • SEATO (Sept 1954)
  • Baghdad Pact (Feb 1955)
  • Strengthened relationship with FRG (joined NATO May 1955)
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11
Q

What was SEATO?

A

Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty (Sept 1954)

  • Alliance of: USA, Britain, France, NZ, Australia, Pakistan,Thailand, Philippines
  • Aimed to prevent communist expansion in SE Asia
  • Provoked by Sino-Soviet Pact (May 1953)
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12
Q

Why did SEATO receive some criticism?

A

Only included 3 Asian states, leaving out many territories it had the intention of protecting (e.g. Burma, S.Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), so some saw it as Western Colonialism

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13
Q

Why did SEATO struggle more to collaborate than NATO?

A
  • No collective military force

- No collective way of gaining intelligence

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14
Q

What was the Baghdad Pact?

A

The Baghdad Pact (Feb 1955)

  • Alliance between southernmost member of NATO (Turkey) + westernmost member of SEATO (Pakistan) to link together the two alliances + protect Middle East from communism
  • Opened up for other states to join (Britain, Iraq, Iran)
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15
Q

Was USA in the Baghdad Pact? Why?

A

No

- USA joining would have implications regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict

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16
Q

How did restrengthening + allying with the FRG benefit the USA?

A
  • Reduced chance of falling to communism (if weak)
  • Reduced chance of independent threat (if unmonitored)
  • Benefits of an alliance (influence + lower cost)
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17
Q

Why did Eisenhower have a greater focus on alliances?

A

Enabled him to keep sufficient influence in different areas, whilst lowering spending on defence (other countries could provide conventional forces if included in USA’s nuclear umbrella)

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18
Q

When did the FRG join NATO?

A

May 1955

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19
Q

What was the Soviet response to the FRG joining NATO?

A
  • Recognised sovereignty of E.Germany

- Warsaw Pact

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20
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A

Warsaw Pact (May 1955)

  • Alliance to legitimise Soviet influence in E.Europe
  • Presented as peaceful but had potential for violence
  • Formed in response to FRG joining NATO
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21
Q

What evidence is there that Eisenhower wanted to deal with communism in a more peaceful way than Truman?

A 
Highly publicised actions...
- A Chance for Peace Speech (April 1953) 
- Atoms for Peace Speech (Dec 1953)
Private actions...
- Cathay Pacific Douglas (July 1954)
22
Q

What was the ‘A Chance for Peace’ speech?

A

A Chance for Peace speech (April 1953)

  • Given by Eisenhower
  • Evidence of Eisenhower’s more peaceful stance
  • Discussed cost of Arms Race (encouraging Arms Race to end) + how peace would be beneficial for both superpowers
23
Q

What was the ‘Atoms for Peace’ speech?

A

Atoms for Peace (Dec 1953)

  • Given by Eisenhower
  • Evidence of Eisenhower’s more peaceful stance
  • Suggested all nuclear states donate some material for UN to use for peaceful purposes (encouraging Arms Race to slow)
24
Q

What was the Cathay Pacific Douglas incident?

A

Cathay Pacific Douglas (July 1954)

  • Chinese communists shot down British commercial airliner
  • 2 US aircraft sent to rescue survivors but attacked by Chinese
  • Incident could easily have increased CW tensions but Eisenhower reduced press on event, evidence of his more peaceful stance
25
Q

What were the three key aspects of the New Look Policy?

A
  • Rollback
  • Massive retaliation
  • Brinkmanship
26
Q

Who proposed the New Look Policy?

A
  • Eisenhower (US President)

- Dulles (Eisenhower’s SoS until death in 1959)

27
Q

What was the New Look Policy?

A
  • New policy proposed by Eisenhower + Dulles in 1955
  • Aimed to stop communism but reduce loss of men + money
  • Methods: rollback, massive retaliation, brinkmanship
28
Q

How + why did Eisenhower plan to rollback communist threat?

A

How:
‘Rollback’ aspect of the New Look Policy
- Added to Truman’s CW policy of containment
- Hoped to reduce the Soviets’ power by removing existing communism
- Had to remove existing communism in a peaceful way
Why:
- Containment wasn’t making enough impact, just causing stalemate not removal of the communist threat

29
Q

How + why did Eisenhower plan to replace conventional forces with nuclear ones?

A

How:
‘Massive retaliation’ + ‘Brinkmanship’ aspects of New Look Policy
- Massive retaliation = increase nuclear weapons to replace conventional
- Brinkmanship = use threat of nuclear weapons so opponent believes war is imminent + backs down, without actually firing
Why:
- NSC 162/2 report (Oct 1953) said this change was the most effective way to deter aggression against W.Europe
- Would allow much lower military spending

30
Q

What are conventional forces?

A

Non-nuclear military forces

31
Q

By how much did Eisenhower lower defence spending?

A
  • Truman’s proposed 1954 budget: $45 bill
  • Eisenhower’s actual 1954 budget: $43.2 bill
  • Continued decreasing below even his own projections, 1956: $33.5 bill
32
Q

What was the domino theory? When was it first explicitly referenced?

A

Domino theory = belief that one state becoming communist would cause a chain reaction in which neighbouring states also fall to communism
- Eisenhower (1954 speech about Indochina)

33
Q

What stance did USA hold on SE Asia at start of Cold War?

A
  • Anti-communist

- Anti-colonialist

34
Q

What was Indochina?

A
  • Vietnam (Tonkin + Annan + Cochinchine)
  • Laos
  • Cambodia
35
Q

Who controlled Indochina before WWII? What was the situation?

A

France (French PM + Emperor Bao Dai)
BAD situation
- French highly exploited the country (e.g. one rubber plantation had 12,000 people die 1917-44 + at start of 1900s highest ranking Vietnamese officer earned less than lowest ranking French)
- Indochinese forced to forfeit their traditional way of life (e.g. covert from Buddhism to Catholicism + French banned traditional Chinese literacy characters)

36
Q

Who controlled Indochina during WWII? What was the situation?

A

Japan

BAD situation - similarly harsh as French

37
Q

What was the situation in Indochina after WWII?

A
  • Emperor Bao Dai resigns
  • At Potsdam: agreed to split Indochina into British + Chinese zones to expel Japanese
  • French emerge in British zone, Viet Minh emerge in Chinese zone
  • Tensions build, as French want back control + Viet Minh want independence
38
Q

Who was Ho Chi Minh?

A
  • Raised a committed Vietnamese nationalist, striving for independence from French
  • Lived in USSR for a period, inspired by the Russian Revolution, became (quietly) communist
  • Formed Indochinese Communist Party (1929)
  • Formed Vietminh (1941)
  • Led the nationalist side in the Indochina War (c.1945-55)
39
Q

When was the Indochina War?

A

c.1945-1955

40
Q

What was the Indochina War?

A
  • Conflict between French (supported by British) in Southern zone + Viet Minh (supported by China) in Northern zone
  • Sporadic fighting between c.1945 and 1955
41
Q

When did China start supporting the Viet Minh?

A
  • Slight support since start (had allowed Viet Minh to rise in power in their northern zone)
  • Official support after 1949 (when it became communist)
42
Q

What was the involvement of the superpowers in the Indochina War?

A 
Soviets: 
- Not involved
USA: 
- Supported Viet Minh until 1949 
- Supported French after 1949
43
Q

Why + how did the USA initially support the Viet Minh during the Indochina War?

A

Why: Wanted to remove colonialism from Asia
How: Supplied weapons

44
Q

Why + how did the USA change sides to support the French during the end of the Indochina War?

A

Why: After 1949 (China’s public support) realised Viet Minh were communist threat
How: Paid 3/4 of the cost of the French war effort ($800 mill)

45
Q

What caused the end of the Indochina War?

A

Turning point of the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu

46
Q

Briefly outline what happened at Dien Bien Phu

A
  • French (under General Navarre) fortified strategic village Dien Bien Phu
  • Viet Minh surrounded it + cut off supplies
  • French forced to surrender on 7th May 1954
  • This massively humiliating French defeat caused turning point + encouraged peace negotiations
47
Q

What happened at the end of the Indochina War?

A

The Geneva Conference (April-July 1954)

48
Q

What was the Geneva Conference?

A

Geneva Conference (26th April-21st July 1954)
(Negotiation on the future of Indochina at end of Indochina War)
- Laos + Cambodia independent
- Vietnam divided along 17th parallel (Viet Minh nationalists in N, French imperialists in S)
- Agreement for democratic elections to unite Vietnam under 1 leader in 2 yrs time

49
Q

Who refused to sign the Geneva Conference accords?

A
  • USA (under Eisenhower)
  • S.Vietnam (under new president Ngo Dinh Diem)
    (Didn’t want to risk communists winning elections)
50
Q

Who was Ngo Dinh Diem?

A
  • Leader of S.Vietnam after the Indochina War
  • Pro-USA (+ supported by them)
  • Anti-communist
  • Brutal dictator

History - The Cold War - Part 1 (8 decks)

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