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History - The Cold War - Part 1 > The Origins Of The Cold War (2) > Flashcards

The Origins Of The Cold War (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a satellite state?

A

Country that is officially independent but in reality is controlled by another country

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2
Q

What were the USSR’s satellite states by the end of 1948?

A
  • East Germany
  • Albania
  • Romania
  • Poland
  • Bulgaria
  • Hungary
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Yugoslavia
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3
Q

Briefly outline how Albania became a communist satellite state

A
  • 8th Nov 1941: Communist Party of Albania (CPA) started
  • 24th May 1944: ‘General Committee’ as provisional gov, replacing King Zog
  • General elections held (to appear democratic to Allies) but organised by CPA to ensure they would keep power
  • CPA elected into power after gaining 94% of vote
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4
Q

Briefly outline how Romania became a communist satellite state

A
  • Aug 1944 - National Democratic Front (FND -the communist party) led Soviet-approved campaign for further left gov
  • Red Army occupation in Romania applied pressure
  • 1945 - Communist coup made king appoint FND gov
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5
Q

How did Stalin help the E.European satellite states fall to communism?

A
  • Encouraged the rise of communist govs (but didn’t force - so it appeared they had risen to power democratically)
  • Covertly supported communist parties by manipulating elections + using salami tactics
  • When in power, ensured all communists were loyal to Moscow
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6
Q

What are salami tactics?

A

Anti-communist parties/political opponents sliced into small pieces (e.g. by killing leaders) so they could be gradually overcome

(Used by Stalin to help gain satellite states)

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7
Q

Why did Stalin want the E.European satellite states?

A
  • Wanted to provide a protective ‘buffer zone’ against West

- Wanted to expand their ideology + political influence

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8
Q

Briefly outline how Poland became a communist satellite state

A
  • During WW2: Lublin gov (PKWN - communist, pro-Soviet) became influential + London-exiled gov blocked out
  • June 1945 - Provisional Gov of National Unity formed (parties from both ends of the spectrum, inc. Lublin gov)
  • Appeared Stalin would allow free elections (agreed at Yalta)
  • Communist Poles joined with socialists to become stronger + won 1947 election by 80% vote
  • Stalin had been manipulative towards results + used salami tactics
  • Any Communist Poles in gov disliked by Stalin were gradually replaced (E.g. Gomulka replaced by more pro-Soviet Beirut as Deputy PM in 1948)
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9
Q

Briefly outline how Bulgaria became a communist satellite state

A
  • Before Red Army arrived: The Patriotic Force (alliance of left parties) formed gov
  • Salami tactics used to break down other parties (E.g. Agrarian Party - strongest opposition - leader Petkov executed - absorbed into communist gov)
  • Successful communist uprising supported by Soviet Union
  • By April 1947: All other parties banned
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10
Q

Briefly outline how Hungary became a communist satellite state

A
  • Communists allied with other political groups to gain strength
  • Political opponents arrested, with Soviet help (E.g. leader of threatening Smallholders Party: Kovocsat, 1947)
  • 1947 - Elections, manipulated, communists won with 60% vote
  • Anti-Soviet communists removed (E.g. leader Rajk in 1949 for ‘anti-Soviet activities’)
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11
Q

Briefly outline how Czechoslovakia became a communist satellite state

A
  • Post-WWII gov was a National Front coalition with 3 parties dominating (Communists - KSC, Social Democratic Party, National Socialist Party)
  • KSC membership growing (1945:27,000 and 1946:over 1.1 mill) supported by peasants after war who were given land
  • July 1947 gov accepted Anglo-French invite to Marshall Plan talks
  • Soviets angered + persuaded CS not to join (in Moscow)
  • KSC purged other non-communist gov members (12 resigned)
  • PM Beneš (non-communist) resigned in June 1948 and was replaced by a Moscow-loyal communist
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12
Q

Briefly outline how Yugoslavia became a communist satellite state (and then stopped)

A
  • PM Tito elected as post WWII communist leader without Soviet help
  • ACC tried to incorporate some pre-war capitalist politicians, but new election laws helped the communists stay in power (‘wartime collaborators’ banned + candidates nominated by the communist People’s Front)
  • Non-communists protested by boycotting + resigning
  • 29th Nov 1945 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia formed, made up of communist candidates
  • Gov used some Soviet methods (e.g. almost all wealth nationalised by 1948)
  • Rejected any Soviet methods they disagreed with, not wanting to become ‘puppets’
  • Abandoned Marxist-Leninism in June 1948, so expelled from Cominform (no longer satellite state)
  • Survival helped by Western aid through 1949
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13
Q

Give an example of a party that were threatening to the communist poles + could have gained power if Stalin hadn’t manipulated the 1947 elections

A

Peasant Party - led by Mikolajczyk

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14
Q

Give an example of a satellite state that started their fall to communism before any pressure from Red Army occupation

A

Bulgaria

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15
Q

What was the general procedure Stalin used when forming the E.European satellite states?

A
  • See if there are any left wing/communist parties to support, and if not send in own communists to form parties
  • Help communist party to gain power (by manipulating elections + removing opponents, largely through salami tactics)
  • When communist party in power, replace any influential figures who aren’t sufficiently loyal to Moscow
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16
Q

Give an example of an E.European state that nearly didn’t fall into the Soviet communist sphere

A

Czechoslovakia - Tempted to join Marshall Plan and attended July 1947 talks - dissuaded by Soviets

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17
Q

Give an example of an E.European state that was expelled from the Soviet Sphere

A

Yugoslavia - expelled from Cominform in June 1948 after abandoning Marxist-Leninism

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18
Q

How was Yugoslavia able to survive when Soviets expelled them from Cominform in 1948?

A

Received Western aid throughout 1949 (via the Marshall Plan)

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19
Q

How did the West demonstrate their priority in global affairs as weakening the USSR?

A

Provided economic aid to Yugoslavia throughout 1949, despite Italian-Yugoslavian disputes over Trieste (alliance against USSR more important than any other political disputes)

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20
Q

What is the Zhdanov Doctrine and who proposed it?

A

Zhdanov Doctrine: world divided into 2 camps. Imperialists (USA) and Democrats (USSR)

Proposed by: Andrei Zhdanov (leading Soviet figure)

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21
Q

What does Cominform stand for?

A

Communist Informational Bureau

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22
Q

When was Cominform started?

A

Sept 1947 - Stalin’s response to the Truman Doctrine

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23
Q

What was the purpose of Cominform?

A

To unite and coordinate the communist groups in Europe under the direction of Moscow (basically formalise the Soviet sphere), since Stalin was now convinced that the USA were leading an anti-Soviet global alliance

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24
Q

What does Comecon stand for?

A

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

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25
Q

When was Comecon started?

A

1949

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26
Q

What was the purpose of Comecon (both overt + covert)?

A

Stalin’s alternative to the Marshall Plan

OVERT: Encourage economic developments in EE + prevent trade with West

COVERT: Merge EE economies with the USSR, so they lost and the USSR gained

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27
Q

Who wrote the Long Telegram?

A 
George Kennan 
(US ambassador in Moscow)
28
Q

When was the Long Telegram written?

A

February 1946

29
Q

How long was the Long Telegram?

A

8000 words

30
Q

Why was the Long Telegram written?

A
  • US policymakers were divided regarding how to deal with Soviet Union + emergence of the Soviet bloc (be diplomatic or take firm stance?)
  • Kennan laid out his main concerns surrounding the Soviets and advised Truman on which stance to take (2nd, firm option)
31
Q

What were the main concerns outlined in the Long Telegram?

A
  • Communism + capitalism cannot peacefully coexist
  • USSR have an aggressive, ideologically driven foreign policy that is working to weaken + split the capitalist powers
  • USSR have potential to cause loss of US way of life + international authority
32
Q

What was the advise given by Kennan in the Long Telegram regarding how to deal with the Soviets?

A
  • US should stop policy of isolationism + take a more active role in European affairs
  • War is unnecessary, but US should be prepared to threaten use of force + use propaganda
33
Q

What is isolationism + who was using it?

A
  • Policy taken by US in Europe pre-WWII
  • Having minimal interest/involvement in foreign affairs that don’t directly involve the US or its geographical neighbours
34
Q

What was the effect of the Long Telegram?

A
  • Provoked Novikov’s Telegram
  • Helped confirm Truman’s views that USSR was a threat to US
  • Helped inspire a harsher, more involved US foreign policy (Truman Doctrine)
35
Q

Who wrote Novikov’s Telegram?

A

Novikov

Soviet ambassador in Washington

36
Q

When was Novikov’s Telegram written?

A

Sept 1946

37
Q

Why was Novikov’s Telegram written?

A

To inform Stalin of the more threatening US approach to foreign affairs (particularly as a consequence of the Long Telegram)

38
Q

What were the main concerns outlined in Novikov’s Telegram?

A
  • There is less chance of diplomatic negotiations with US after replacement of Roosevelt with Truman
  • US are striving for global supremacy, largely through economic imperialism
  • US are planning WWIII against communism, which they will win due to superior money + weaponry
39
Q

What is economic imperialism?

A

A state using its economic power to make other, economically weaker states dependent on it

40
Q

What was the effect of Novikov’s Telegram?

A
  • Soviets encouraged to adopt a harsher stance towards the US (build up arms, etc)
41
Q

Was the Long Telegram giving a valid message?

A

Yes
- Stalin was taking a threatening approach to foreign affairs, seen in his covert actions throughout E.Europe, that undermined his previous political agreements with the West (Yalta + Percentages Agreement) + threatened their international authority

42
Q

Was Novikov’s Telegram giving a valid message?

A

No
- Overexaggerating, as US aren’t planning WWIII, they are forced to become harsher in policy in response to Soviet actions (not due to own will)

BUT
- Does predict the Marshall Plan, which arguably supports theory that they are striving for economic imperialism

43
Q

When was the Iron Curtain Speech?

A

5th March 1946

44
Q

Where was the Iron Curtain speech given?

A

Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri

45
Q

Who gave the Iron Curtain speech?

A 
Winston Churchill 
(Former British PM, still widely respected)
46
Q

What were the main points in the Iron Curtain speech?

A
  • USSR have created a Soviet sphere of control that is expanding, as they pursue the ‘fruits of war’ (influence) without wanting war
  • English-speaking world must support UN in reaching ‘a good understanding on all points with Russia’
  • UK + US should maintain + strengthen their ‘special relationship’
47
Q

What is the famous Iron Curtain quote?

A

‘From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent’

48
Q

What is the other name for the Iron Curtain speech?

A

The Sinews of Peace speech

49
Q

What was the US reaction to the Iron Curtain speech?

A
  • Agreed with strong stance towards Soviets (helped inspire Truman Doctrine)
  • Less enthusiastic about ‘special relationship’ (didn’t want to prop up the crumbling British Empire)
50
Q

What was the Soviet reaction to the Iron Curtain speech?

A

The Soviets saw it as a direct attack + criticised Churchill for trying to prevent them from peacefully defending themselves (buffer zone)

  • Stalin spoke in Pravda (said Soviets were ensuring their security + asking for loyalty they deserved after help to E.Europe in WWII)
  • Molotov, Foreign Minister spoke at Paris Peace Conference (called US imperialists + effectively abandoned Declaration of Liberated Europe agreed at Yalta)
51
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference + what was its purpose + what was it used for?

A
  • Sept + Oct 1946
  • Purpose: draw up peace treaties with defeated European powers + determine their future
  • Used for: Molotov’s public attack on the intentions of the US
52
Q

What is the famous quote from Stalin from Pravda that shows his bad reaction to the Iron Curtain speech?

A

‘Mr Churchill now stands as a firebrand of war’

53
Q

What is Pravda?

A

Official newspaper of the communist party after Bolsheviks seized power in Oct 1917 (biased, despite meaning ‘truth’ in Russian)

54
Q

Give some statistics to show the negative impact of WWII on the situation in Greece

A
  • 1/14 people dead
  • Over 1000 villages burned
  • Infrastructure destroyed by Nazis
  • Savings destroyed my inflation
  • Huge unemployment (over 50% in some cities)
55
Q

What conflict for power was occurring in Greece?

A

Conflict between the Greek communists (Nazi liberators - ‘National Liberation Front’) + Greek monarchists (current official gov)

56
Q

When did the power struggle in Greece escalate into a full-scale civil war?

A

March 1946

57
Q

Which external states were supporting which sides of the Greek civil war?

A

Greek gov/monarchists - supported by Britain

Greek communists - some support from surrounding communist countries, e.g. Yugoslavia

58
Q

What changed in Feb 1947 in the Greek civil war?

A

Britain announced they could no longer afford to support the anti-communist gov (due to post-WWII financial crisis) , so asked Americans for help

59
Q

What did the US do to help in Greece (+Turkey-neighbouring country at risk of communism)?

A

Installed Truman Doctrine

60
Q

Why didn’t Britain + US go to NATO for support in helping anti-communist gov forces in Greek Civil War?

A

Feared Soviet veto

61
Q

When was the Truman Doctrine?

A

12th March 1947

62
Q

What were the main points of the Truman Doctrine?

A
  • US must come to assistance of Greece (+Turkey), giving them the approx $400 mill needed to build an economy a successful capitalist democracy can flourish in
  • Similar support should be given to any state threatened by ‘subjugation’ to another power (threatened by communist take over)
63
Q

What are some longer term events that may be seen as causing the Truman Doctrine?

A
  • Breakdown of the Grand Alliance
  • Stalin’s expansionism to create the Soviet sphere
    (Increasing threat of Soviets + communist expansion)
  • Kennan’s Long Telegram
  • Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
    (Increasing political encouragement to take harsher stance against Soviets + communism)
64
Q

What may be seen as the trigger event to cause the Truman Doctrine?

A

Greek Civil War

Needed protection from communism, which Britain could no longer afford

65
Q

What were the effects of the Truman Doctrine?

A
  • Marked end of US isolationism + start of communism containment policy
  • Viewed as declaration of war by many communists

History - The Cold War - Part 1 (8 decks)

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