Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History - The Cold War - Part 1 > The Widening Of The Cold War (1) > Flashcards

The Widening Of The Cold War (1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

When was the period of Widening of the Cold War?

A

1949-1955

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why had the rise of communism in Asia becoming a concern for the USA after 1949?

A
  • Soviets successfully tested first atomic bomb (Aug 1949)
  • Communists won Chinese Civil War (Oct 1949)
  • Sino-Soviet alliance (Feb 1950)
  • Communist North Korea invaded South Korea (June 1950)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did the USA take action to prevent the spread of communism into Asia?

A
  • Reconstructed + rearmed capitalist Japan (1945-1954)
  • Support for Chinese nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek (1946-1949)
  • Defensive Perimeter Strategy (Jan 1950)
  • NSC-68 (April/July 1950)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How was the Defensive Perimeter Strategy aimed at preventing spread of communism in Asia?

A

Identified area in Pacific (from Aleutian Islands in North to Philippines in South) that the US needed to defend from falling to communism, to protect US interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who proposed the Defensive Perimeter Strategy?

A

Dean Acheson (US Secretary of State)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was the Defensive Perimeter Strategy proposed?

A

Jan 1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why did the Defensive Perimeter Strategy receive some criticism?

A
  • Appeared imperialistic
  • Didn’t include some essential areas: Taiwan + Korea (may have increased likelihood for Soviet support of Korean War, as Korea unprotected)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How was NSC-68 aimed at preventing spread of communism in Asia?

A

Increased military funding (x3)+ advocated the build up of US military presence (nuclear + conventional weapons) to take a hard line approach towards the increasing global threat of communism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When was NSC-68 presented to Truman? When did it become an actual part of US foreign policy?

A
  • Presented to Truman: April 1950

- Part of policy: July 1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does NSC-68 stand for?

A

National Security Council Resolution 68

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give statistics to show the effect of NSC-68 on US military

A

US defence received…
1950 - 5% gov budget
1953 - 14.2% gov budget
(Budget tripled in 3 yrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Did anyone oppose NSC-68?

A
  • At time: Some State Department officials, e.g. Kennan disagreed with such a military focus, could defend against Soviets spreading communism through more political means
  • Later: Eisenhower criticised such high military spending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why was Japan important for the USA?

A

Was a central figure in Asia that could trigger many neighbouring countries to be communist (Domino Theory) if it fell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How was the reconstruction + rearmament of Japan aimed at preventing the spread of communism in Asia?

A

Returned the strength of a major capitalist power in Asia to prevent its likelihood of falling to communism + provide the US with a Pacific hub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was the situation in Japan post-WWII?

A
  • Economically unstable (farms + industries destroyed)
  • Politically unstable (power vacuum, with support for Emperor Showa as a leader decreasing)
  • US had sole occupation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who controlled the US post-war occupation in Japan?

A

Supreme Commander for Allied Power (SCAP) + its leader General MacArthur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who was General MacArthur?

A
  • US military man
  • Supreme Commander of US Pacific Forces
  • Leader of SCAP
  • Played key role in Japanese occupation + the start of the Korean War
  • Fired in 1951 for trying to seize whole of Korea (not just liberate S)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was the leader in Japan at the end of WWII?

A

Emperor Showa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was US policy regarding their post-war occupation of Japan?

A

‘Reverse Course’
(Focus shifted away from punishment of Japan for war crimes + towards reconstruction of a democratic, capitalist, economically stable country - that could act as a capitalist Pacific base for US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In which defeated Axis country was the US more interested in promoting growth?

A

Japan (not Germany)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were the 3 aspects that the US had to consider when dealing with post-war Japan?

A
  • Punishment (wanted to limit punishment for war crimes)
  • Government (wanted a stable democracy)
  • Economy (wanted a prosperous capitalist state that could also trade)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How did the US approach punishment in post-war Japan?

A

Very limited punishment

  • War crime trials (Tokyo)
  • Demilitarisation
23
Q

How did the US approach government in post-war Japan?

A

Became a Constitutional Monarchy with a PM

  • ‘Japanese Constitution’ to be enforced by Parliament
  • Power stripped of Emperor Showa (remained cultural figurehead)
  • ‘The Diet’ (A 2 house parliament, from which a PM was elected)
24
Q

Who was the first PM in Japan?

A

Yoshida

25
Q

What policy did the first Japanese PM introduce?

A 
Yoshida Doctrine 
(Focused on reconstructing Japan + supporting US-Japanese alliance)
26
Q

What was in the Japanese Constitution? When was it?

A

The Japanese Constitution (3rd May 1947)

  • Democracy through use of ‘The Diet’
  • Bill of Rights (basic democratic freedoms)
  • Right to declare war removed
27
Q

How did the US approach the economy in post-war Japan?

A

Supported growth of a stable economy that could become a trading power with no big reparations

  • Super Balanced Budget
  • General Agreement on Tariffs + Trade (GATT)
28
Q

Who proposed the Super Balanced Budget for Japan? What did it entail?

A

Super Balanced Budget

  • Proposed by: Dodge (US SCAP economic advisor) + Ikeda (Japan Finance Minister)
  • Gov income + expenditure to be strictly monitored
  • Aimed to create a surplus to act as an economic cushion (157 mill yen)
29
Q

Who proposed that Japan should join the General Agreement on Tariffs + Trade (GATT)? What did it entail?

A

General Agreement on Tariffs + Trade (GATT)(1947)

  • Proposed by: UN. US forced Japan to join
  • Aimed to reduce tariffs + maximise international trade
30
Q

What was the major event in the reconstruction of Japan?

A

San Francisco Peace Treaty (Sept 1951)
- Signed by: US/UN (but not Soviets, Poland, CZ) + Japan
- Main terms:
. Allies recognise full sovereignty of Japan (end occupation)
. Japan renounce claims in neighbouring territories (E.g. Taiwan)
. Re-establishment of peaceful relations between Japan + UN
. Japan must sign US-Japan Security Treaty (1951) in exchange

31
Q

What were the main terms of the US-Japan Security Treaty?

A
  • US have unrestricted use of Japanese military bases
  • US have administrative control of the island of Okinawa
  • US have right to veto Japan offering military base use to other countries
  • US have right to intervene in internal disorder in Japan using force
32
Q

As well as reconstructing Japan, why did the US want to rearm the country?

A

To have a strong military power in Pacific to counter communist threat

33
Q

Outline the rearmament process in Japan

A

1950-54:
Japanese rearmament gradual + strictly monitored by US
July 1954:
US (under Eisenhower) agreed to a 140,000 men Self-Defence Force in Japan, supported by $240 mill US funding + sale of Japanese agricultural surplus

34
Q

What was the situation in China before the Civil War?

A
  • Pre-1912: China ruled by dynastic dictators (last was Emperor Puyi) + became conservative, anti-foreign, not developed
  • 1912: Republican Revolution, in which KMT (nationalist party) overthrew dynastic leadership + took control of China
35
Q

Who was the last Emperor of China?

A

Emperor Puyi

36
Q

Who was the first leader of the KMT?

A

Sun-Yat-Sen

37
Q

Who was the leader of the KMT during the Cold War?

A

Chiang Kai-Sheck (Jiang Jieshi)

38
Q

What was the policy of the KMT Chinese nationalist party?

A

‘Three Principles of the People’

  • Socialism
  • Democracy
  • Social reform
39
Q

When were the two phases of the Chinese Civil War?

A
  • 1927 to 1939

- 1945 to 1949

40
Q

Why did the Chinese Civil War start + who was it between?

A
  • KMT (nationalist party under Chiang Kai-Sheck)
  • CCP (communist party under Mao Zedong)
  • Both parties wanted control of China
41
Q

Briefly outline the first stage of the Chinese Civil War

A
  • 1927: war broke out on-and-off
  • 1937: Japan invaded China as part of WWII + KMT and CCP forced to make uneasy alliance to defend the country
  • 1943: Chiang-Kai Sheck recognised as leader of China by UK + US at Cairo Conference
  • 1937-1945: KMT suffered from war + CCP had fewer losses, growing in popularity (claimed 1 mill members, 1 mill soldiers, 900,000 militia)
  • 1945: Alliance between KMT + CCP weakened
42
Q

What was one event that helped to greatly increase support for the CCP in China? Give a few details

A

Long March (1934-5…370 days)

  • CCP marched 12,500km over difficult terrain to leave KMT
  • 1/10 survived
  • Gained great peasant support
43
Q

What was the Soviet policy towards China at the end of the first phase of the Chinese Civil War (1945)?

A

Greatest aim: protect Soviet interests in China
- Intended to support KMT (thought they were best able to protect interests, as were official leaders)
- Made treaty to show support…
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship + Alliance (1945)
- Stalin: recognised Chiang as China’s leader
- Chiang: agreed to independence of Outer Mongolia, agreed to Soviet military occupation of Port Arthur, agreed to joint control of Chinese Changchun Railway

44
Q

Why was Mao shocked by the Soviet policy towards Chinese Civil War at the end of the first phase (1945)?

A

Stalin was supporting KMT, not fellow communist Mao

45
Q

What was the US policy towards China at the end of the first phase of the Chinese Civil War (1945)?

A

Greatest aim: Prevent Soviet spread in Pacific by stabilising China

  • Encouraged negotiations between Chiang + Mao
  • Intended to support KMT (not communist)
46
Q

Briefly outline the second stage of the Chinese Civil War

A
  • August 1945: Soviets invaded Manchuria (encouraged by Mao, not by the KMT - fracturing alliance)
  • Soviet-US tension grew, as KMT + CCP were failing to negotiate (Chongquing negotiations failed) + both feared a superpower-backed Civil War
  • Soviets drew back: reduced assistant to CCP
  • US drew back: Marshall Mission (1945-6) to attempt negotiating formation of nationalist dominated gov with CCP minority party (failed!)
  • 1947-9: Final conflict in which CCP most popular (officially supported by Soviets)
  • 1st Oct 1949: Mao’s CCP forces were successful + proclaimed People’s Republic of China
47
Q

During the final conflicts of the Chinese Civil War the CCP were more successful + the KMT only received limited help from the US, why?

A
  • Truman + Marshall emphasised that anything more than military aid would be too expensive + risk war with the Soviets
  • Acheson published The White Paper (1949): claimed US had done everything they could do to support KMT, anything more was risking war, and the failure of the KMT was not a fault of US, there was more internal support for CCP + CCP had better leadership
48
Q

What reasons did the White Paper give for the defeat of the KMT nationalists in the Chinese Civil War?

A
  • More internal support for communist CCP

- KMT nationalists had insufficient leaders

49
Q

What did the KMT nationalists do after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War?

A

Fled to Taiwan (Dec 1949)

  • Chiang Kai-Sheck + 2 mill of his supporters
  • Maintained claim they were the ‘Republic of China’ (China’s legal gov)
50
Q

What was the Soviet policy towards China at the end of the Chinese Civil War (1949)?

A
  • Alliance with Mao’s PRC, shown through the Sino-Soviet Pact (Feb 1950)
  • Some caution remained towards Mao (new communist state could act as rival like Tito, particularly because there was a focus on peasants, rather than the traditional communist focus on workers)
51
Q

What was the US policy towards China at the end of the Chinese Civil War (1949)?

A
  • Unhappy with fall of China to communism
  • Feared the ‘Domino Effect’ starting
  • Took more action to help prevent communist spread in Asia: Defensive Perimeter Strategy, NSC-68
  • Continued to recognise Chiang Kai-Sheck as the leader of China (until 1979), letting him keep the Chinese seat on the UN (until 1971)
52
Q

What was the Sino-Soviet Pact?

A

Sino-Soviet Pact (14th Feb 1950)
- Between PRC (Mao) + USSR (Stalin)
Both states agreed to…
- Cooperate defensively in case of attack from Japan + its allies (US)
- Consult closely on matters of mutual interest
- Not conclude agreements with a state that would threaten their ally
- Agree peace treaty with Japan

53
Q

What was the ‘Domino Effect’? Where was it a particular concern? When was it first explicitly referenced?

A

Theory that one communist victory would lead to a chain of communist takeovers

  • Particular concern in Asia after 1949
  • First referred to by Eisenhower (1954)

History - The Cold War - Part 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions