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The Way Flashcards

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1
Q

acharya

A

teacher

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2
Q

adhyaksha

A

superintendent/government official of importance

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3
Q

adivasi

A

the indigenous inhabitant - now used sometimes for the Scheduled Tribe (ST) of India

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4
Q

agnikula

A

ruling families claiming ancestry from a hero who sprang out of a sacrificial fire

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5
Q

agrahara

A

donation of land or village to brahmans, usually by royalty

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6
Q

ahimsa

A

non-violence

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7
Q

Alvika

A

a heterodox sect of the time of the Buddha

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8
Q

Alvar

A

Vaishnava poets and composers of hymns belonging to the Tamil devotional movement

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9
Q

amatya

A

designation of a high official

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10
Q

anuloma

A

literally, in the direction of the body hair, therefore observing the caste hierarchy even in marriages across castes

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11
Q

apsara

A

celestial woman/nymph

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12
Q

aranya

A

forest/wilderness

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13
Q

artha

A

livelihood/economy

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14
Q

aryavarta

A

the land inhabited by aryas

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15
Q

ashrama

A

hermitage/refuge; also used with reference to the four stages or ashramas of the human life-cycle - brahmacharin/studentship, grihastha/householdership, vanaprastha/initiating renunciation, samnyasa/asceticism

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16
Q

ashtakula-adhikarana

A

administrative body

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17
Q

ashvamedha

A

sacrifice performed by those desirous of being accorded royal status, and by kings

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18
Q

atman

A

soul

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19
Q

ayukta

A

official designation

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20
Q

banjaras

A

generally cattle pastoralists who were also carriers of goods exchanged in trade

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21
Q

banya

A

member of a trading community

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22
Q

Bhagavata

A

associated with the worship of Vishnu

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23
Q

bhakti

A

devotion, a characteristic feature of what modern historians have called the Bhakti movement, focusing on devotion to a deity

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24
Q

bhogta

A

one who enjoys: used by extension for those who enjoyed revenue rights over certain lands

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25
Q

bhukti

A

administrative unit

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26
Q

bodhisattva

A

one who works for the welfare of the world and voluntarily postpones release from rebirth; also refers sometimes to an incarnation of the Buddha prior to his own birth in the world

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27
Q

brahmacharin

A

celibate studentship, the first of the four stages of the ideal life-cycle

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28
Q

brahmadeya

A

village or land donated to a brahman, who received the revenue that came from it

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29
Q

brahma-kshatra

A

the claim to an ancestry associated with both brahman and kshatriya

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30
Q

brahman

A

the first in rank among the four varnas of Hindu society, frequently translated as caste, but in some contexts should more correctly be translated as ritual status; the brahman was primarily a ritual specialist and also provided the structures for formal education in Sanskrit

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31
Q

Brahmanas

A

Vedic exegetical texts for rituals

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32
Q

brahmi

A

the earliest deciphered script of India and dating to historical times

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33
Q

chaitya

A

a sacred enclosure - later took the form of a hall and became an essential focus of Buddhist worship together with the stupa

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34
Q

chakravartin

A

universal monarch

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35
Q

chandala

A

a group from among the outcast section of society, gradually regarded as untouchable

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36
Q

Chandravamsha

A

the lunar lineage, indicative of royal status

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37
Q

chetti

A

merchants

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38
Q

daivaputra

A

literally, the son of a deity; a royal title

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39
Q

dakshina

A

sacrificial fee; the southern direction

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40
Q

dana

A

donation/votive offering

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41
Q

danda

A

force/coercion/punishment

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42
Q

dasa

A

initially ‘the Other’ of the arya - later a slave or servant

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43
Q

desha

A

territory or an administrative unit; a region

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44
Q

devadana

A

usually land or revenue donated to a temple

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45
Q

devadasi

A

female slave of the gods, used with reference to women dedicated to the temple

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46
Q

devanagari

A

the later, evolved form of the brahmi script, also used for some modern Indian languages

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47
Q

Dhammaldharma

A

piety, morality, ethics, virtue/the social and religious order

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48
Q

Dharma-shastra

A

texts attempting to codify the social and ritual duties, and obligations of the members of the four varnas and the relationship between them

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49
Q

Digambara

A

literally, ‘sky-clad’, one of the two main Jaina schools

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50
Q

digvijayin

A

the conqueror of the four quarters

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51
Q

dinara

A

a coin based on the Roman denarius

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52
Q

doab

A

the land between two rivers

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53
Q

dronavapa

A

a measure of grain

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54
Q

dvija

A

literally, the twice-born, refers to either the highest varna or the three upper varnas of Hindu caste society, where the first birth is the physical birth and the second is the initiation into varna status

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55
Q

eripatti

A

land from which the revenue was used to maintain irrigation tanks

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56
Q

gahapati

A

a landowner

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57
Q

gana-rajya

A

oligarchy/chiefdom

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58
Q

garbha-griha

A

literally, the womb-house, the sanctum sanctorum of the Hindu temple

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59
Q

gavunda

A

categories of landowners; could be a member of a local administrative committee

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60
Q

ghatika

A

an educational centre often attached to a temple

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61
Q

ghi

A

clarified butter

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62
Q

grama

A

village

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63
Q

guru

A

teacher or guide

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64
Q

heggade

A

a term used in the peninsula for a landowner

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65
Q

Hinayana

A

The Lesser Vehicle, a major school of Buddhism

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66
Q

itihasa-purana

A

sections of texts claiming to refer to events of the past

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67
Q

jana

A

people, subjects, tribe, clan

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68
Q

janapada

A

literally, where the clan or tribe places its foot; the territory initially occupied by a clan and which could evolve into a state

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69
Q

jati

A

caste; a social segment identified by membership through birth, marriage circles, occupation, custom and location

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70
Q

jyestha

A

elder, as in the guild-like organization of the shreni

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71
Q

kahapanal/karsapanal/pana

A

widely used coin series, often silver

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72
Q

kakini

A

copper coins

73
Q

Kalamukha

A

a Shaiva sect

74
Q

kaliyuga

A

the fourth and final age of the great cycle of time, the mahayuga

75
Q

kalpa

A

a frame of time-reckoning

76
Q

kama

A

desire

77
Q

Kapalika

A

a Shaiva sect

78
Q

karma

A

action or deed, and also used in the theory of future births being conditioned by the deeds of the present life

79
Q

kassaka

A

a cultivator, not as well-off as the gahapati

80
Q

kayastha

A

a caste, chiefly of scribes

81
Q

kharoshthi

A

a script used in north-west India and derived from the Aramaic script

82
Q

kshatrapa

A

associated with the administrative title of satrap, and used specifically for some rulers of western India

83
Q

kshatriya

A

the second in rank among the four varnas; included a warrior aristocracy, landowners and royalty

84
Q

kshetra

A

field

85
Q

kula

A

family

86
Q

kuladevi

A

clan goddess

87
Q

kulyavapa

A

a winnowing basket

88
Q

kumaramatya

A

a title of honour, often used for a prince

89
Q

kutumbi

A

householder

90
Q

lingam

A

the phallic symbol, associated with the worship of Shiva

91
Q

mahadanas

A

great gifts/donations

92
Q

maharajadhiraja

A

great king of kings

93
Q

mahasamanta

A

ruler or governor but subordinate to an overlord

94
Q

mahasammata

A

‘the great elect’, the person elected to rule and signifying the origin of government in Buddhist theory

95
Q

mahasenapati

A

commander-in-chief of the army

96
Q

mahattara

A

head of the village

97
Q

Mahayana

A

the Great Vehicle, a major school of Buddhism

98
Q

mana

A

a large unit of weight

99
Q

mandala

A

a cosmogram, projecting the universe in a geometric pattern, often concentric with indications of cardinal points and sometimes square; also refers to a theory of interstate relations where the king desirous of victory is at the centre and the pattern lays out potential allies and enemies

100
Q

mandalam

A

an administrative unit

101
Q

manigramam

A

a formal association or guild of merchants

102
Q

mantra

A

sounds, words, verses associated with magical and religious connotations

103
Q

marga

A

the path/mainstream

104
Q

matha

A

a hospice or a monastery attached to a temple and often a centre of education

105
Q

matsyanyaya

A

a political theory where a parallel is drawn between a condition of drought when tanks dry up with the big fish eating the small fish, and a condition of political anarchy when the strong devour the weak

106
Q

maya

A

illusion

107
Q

mlechchha

A

outside the pale of caste society/impure

108
Q

moksha

A

liberation from rebirth

109
Q

nadu

A

a territorial unit in south India

110
Q

nagarashresthin

A

the chief merchant of the city

111
Q

nataka

A

dance, mime, drama

112
Q

Nayanars

A

Shaiva poets of Tamil devotionalism

113
Q

nigama

A

a market or a ward of a city

114
Q

nirvana

A

release from the cycle of rebirth

115
Q

nishka

A

a unit of value, later used for a coin

116
Q

paan

A

betel-leaf

117
Q

Pali

A

an Indo-Aryan language in which the Buddhist Canon of the Theravada sect was recorded

118
Q

palli

A

a hamlet, sometimes also a small market centre

119
Q

panchakula

A

administrative body

120
Q

panchayat

A

an administrative body, said to be a council of five

121
Q

Pashupata

A

a Shaiva sect

122
Q

pipal

A

ficus religiosa tree

123
Q

pradesha

A

an administrative unit

124
Q

pratiloma

A

literally, against the direction of the body hair, therefore against the hierarchy of castes in relation to marriage

125
Q

purohita

A

priest and mentor, especially in families of status

126
Q

rajadhiraja

A

royal title

127
Q

rajasuya

A

sacrifice performed to enhance royal or chiefly status

128
Q

rajuka

A

official designation

129
Q

ranaka

A

rank or status given to a landed intermediary

130
Q

rasa

A

a mood or an emotion evoked in creative literature, music and dance

131
Q

rashtra

A

country/administrative unit

132
Q

sabha

A

an assembly, usually small and of special persons

133
Q

samanta

A

initially a term used for a neighbour; later it referred to a landed intermediary subordinate to the king

134
Q

samiti

A

an assembly

135
Q

samnyasi

A

ascetic

136
Q

samsara

A

used most commonly to refer to the cycle of transmigration

137
Q

sangha

A

frequently used to indicate the organizational Order in the Shramanic religions and more commonly in Buddhism

138
Q

sankirna jati

A

mixed caste

139
Q

sarthavaha

A

caravaneer

140
Q

sati

A

a virtuous woman; one who has immolated herself on the funeral pyre of her husband

141
Q

setthi

A

merchant

142
Q

shakti

A

power

143
Q

Shangam

A

assembly; more specifically the earliest literary corpus of Tamil poems

144
Q

shastra

A

texts on various subjects viewed as authoritative

145
Q

shatamana

A

coin

146
Q

shikhara

A

tower surmounting the sanctum of the temple

147
Q

shraddha

A

worship of the ancestors at a particular time of the year

148
Q

shreni

A

formal association of members of a profession; a guild

149
Q

shudra

A

the fourth and lowest varna

150
Q

shunya

A

the zero

151
Q

Shvetambara

A

literally, clad in white, one of the major Jaina schools

152
Q

soma

A

the plant from which the juice was prepared and drunk in a ritual context during some Vedic sacrifices, and thought to be a hallucinogen

153
Q

stri-dhana

A

the wealth of a woman given specifically to her for her own use

154
Q

stupa

A

tumulus-like Structure containing relics of the Buddha or others and worshipped by Buddhists

155
Q

Suryavamsha

A

solar lineage

156
Q

suvarna

A

literally, of good colour and another name for gold

157
Q

svyamavara

A

the ceremony at which a princess chose her husband from among an assembly of suitors

158
Q

thakkura

A

the rank or status of a landed intermediary

159
Q

Theravada

A

an early Buddhist sect

160
Q

tirtha

A

literally a ford, more frequently a place of pilgrimage

161
Q

tirthankara

A

literally, a ford-maker; the teachers of Jainism

162
Q

ur

A

village assembly in south India

163
Q

vaishya

A

the third status in the varna hierarchy concerned theoretically with raising livestock, cultivation and trade

164
Q

valanadu

A

administrative unit in south India

165
Q

vana

A

forest

166
Q

varna

A

literally, colour; used for the four castes often as ritual statuses; the reference was not to skin pigmentation since in one text the four colours listed are white, yellow, red and black

167
Q

varna-ashrama-dharma

A

upholding a society organized on the basis of varna and the social and sacred duties that this entailed

168
Q

velala

A

peasants or landowners of various categories

169
Q

vihara

A

Buddhist monastery

170
Q

vina

A

lyre

171
Q

vishaya

A

an administrative unit

172
Q

vishti

A

forced labour or labour in lieu of a tax, often compared to the corvee

173
Q

vratya

A

initially referring to those who were thought not to conform to orthodoxy, it came to mean degenerate forms in various categories

174
Q

yaksha

A

a demi-god

175
Q

yoni

A

female organs of generation

176
Q

yuga

A

a period of time

177
Q

ziarat

A

a place of pilgrimage

178
Q

Sabaras

A

Non-Aryan Tribe

179
Q

Atelier

A

a workshop or studio, especially one used by an artist or designer.

Ancient History (5 decks)

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