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Geography > The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity > Flashcards

The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 6 water stores

A 
Ocean
Cryosphere
Ground water
Surface water
Soil moisture
Atmospheric
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2
Q

Name 3 ocean properties

A

It is the largest water store (96%)
It’s saline
It has a residence time of 3600years

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3
Q

Name 3 cryosphere properties

A

It makes up 2% of the worlds water
It is 70% freshwater
It has a residence time of up to 15000 years

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4
Q

Name 3 Ground water properties

A

It make up 1%o of the worlds water
it is 30% fresh water
It has a residence time of 10000 years

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5
Q

Name 3 properties of surface water

A

it makes up 0.01% of the worlds water
It is the most used water store
Has a residence time of 2 weeks
It has 1.2 % freshwater

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6
Q

Name 3 properties of soil moisture

A

It makes up 0.01% of the worlds water
Itis 0.05% fresh
It has a residence time of 2-50 weeks

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7
Q

Name 3 properties of atmospheric water

A

It makes up 0.001% of the worlds water
It is 0.04% fresh
It has a residence time of 10 days

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8
Q

What is the distribution of the world’s freshwater

A

70% stored in glaciers and ice caps
30% stored in Ground water
1% stored in surface water

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9
Q

Define Fluxes

A

The rate of flow between the stores

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10
Q

Define groundwater flow

A

The slow transfer of percolated water underground through pervious or porous rocks

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11
Q

Define percolation

A

Gravity causes water to seep through hard rock

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12
Q

Define base flow

A

the flow of ground water into river channels

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13
Q

Define river discharge

A

the volume of water passing a certain point over time

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14
Q

Describe in 3 stages how rain is formed

A

1) air cooled to saturation point with a relative humidity of 100%
2) condensation of nuclei e.g. dust particles condenses vapour upon contact making droplets
3) A temp below dew point

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15
Q

Name the 6 factors which affect the drainage basin

A 
The amount of rain
The intensity of the rain
The type of precipitation
The seasonality of rain
The distribution of precipitaion
The variability of weather
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16
Q

Define secular variability

A

Long term change e.g. climate change

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17
Q

Define periodic variability

A

Annual or monthly change

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18
Q

Define stochastic variability

A

Random e.g. Thunder storm

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19
Q

Describe convectional rainfall

A 
Hot land
Hot air rises
Hot air cools as it rises
It condenses
Forms rain
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20
Q

Describe cyclonic rainfall

A

Warm air rises over cool air
Warm air cools
it condenses
Forms clouds which release rain

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21
Q

Describe orographic rainfall

A

Air is forced over a barrier e.g. mountain
Air cools
Air condenses adiabatically
Rain forms

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22
Q

How do longer periods of rainfall affect infiltration rates

A

Lesser rates of infiltration

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23
Q

How does more antecedent rain affect infiltration rates

A

Lesser rate of infiltration

24
Q

How does porous soil affect the rate of infiltration

A

Quicker rate of infiltration rate

25
Q

Name 5 physical factors effecting the drainage basin

A 
Climate 
Vegetation
Relief
Soils
Geology
26
Q

Name 5 human factors effecting the drainage basin

A 
Water management
Urbanisation
Climate Change
Deforestation
Afforestation
27
Q

What is a drainage basin water budget?

A

Inputs should equal inputs:

Precipitation=discharge+evapotranspiration +or- changes in storage

28
Q

What is river regime

A

A river regime is the annual variation in discharge or flow of a river at a particular point.

29
Q

Name 6 influences on the river regime

A 
Amount/type of vegetation
Geology
Temps.
Amount/density of precipitation
Human activities e.g. water management
Size of a river
30
Q

What is a storm hydrograph

A

It shows the variation of discharge over a short period of time
Records change in discharge in response to input of discharge

31
Q

Describe a flashy hydrograph

A

Steep rising limb
Short lag time
High peak

32
Q

Describe the conditions for a flashy hydrograph to occur

A 
Impermeable
Less porous
Steep
Straight river
Saturated
Bare/urbanised
33
Q

Describe a flat hydrograph

A

Long lag time
Low peak
Gentle rising limb

34
Q

Describe the conditions for a flat hydrograph

A 
Permeable
more porous
Flat ground
Several tributaries
Dry 
Vegetated
35
Q

Define water stress

A

When each person has less than 1700m^3 of water

36
Q

Define water scarcity

A

When each person has less than 1000m^3 of water

37
Q

Name the 4 reasons for the growing demand for water

A

Population increase
Energy production
Irrigation of crops
Improved quality of life

38
Q

What will the increase in population be by 2030?

A

increase of 3 billion

39
Q

What proportional of the worlds water is available for consumption

A

2.5%

40
Q

What is the proportion of the world that lacks sanitation

A

2.5%

41
Q

What is the proportion of the world that lacks safe water

A

15%

42
Q

How many people in the world lack safe water

A

1 billion

43
Q

How many people lack sanitation

A

2.3 billion

44
Q

Describe the proportions of 3 water stores contamination in China

A

25% coastal zones
75% of lakes
1/3 of rivers

45
Q

Name 3 facts about China’s water pollution

A

300 million use polluted water
190 million suffer annually from water related diseases
In the Guandong province, 80% die from cancer due to mining polluting the Hengshi Rivern

46
Q

What is irrigation

A

Irrigation is when water applied at controlled intervels to plants when needed

47
Q

What is grey water

A

Bath or sink water which can be recycled and used forother purposes e.g toilet water of watering plants

48
Q

What is MDG

A

Millennium Development Goals created in 2000 by the UN for 2015 which aimed to provide reliable safe water for the worlds population

49
Q

To what extent does lack of sanitation contribute to the global “disease burden”

A

10%

50
Q

Name 3 hard engineering solutions

A

Water transfer
Mega Dams
Desalination

51
Q

Name 3 sustainable water management solutions

A 
Rain water harvesting
Laws on pollution
Hydroponics (soil free crops)
Filtration technology
Water metres
Recycling Grey Water
Sprinkler ban
52
Q

Describe the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention

A

aims to protect and ensure the quantity, quality and sustainable use of transboundary water resources by facilitating cooperation. It provides an intergovernmental platform for the day-to-day development and advancement of transboundary cooperation.

53
Q

Describe the Helsinki Rules

A

The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers is an international guideline regulating how rivers and their connected groundwaters that cross national boundaries may be used

54
Q

Name 4 areas where water security is a concern

A

Colorado River: the US uses 90% of water before it reaches Mexico
Nile: Dispute between 11 countries, Egypt has majority of use
Tigris and Euphrates: Iraq and Syria threatened by Turkey’s GAP project
The Areal Sea:Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakstan all in confliect, they are the three biggest users of water

55
Q

What is virtual water

A

Water transferred by trading in crops and services that require large amounts of water for their production. By importing tonnes of wheat from water rich area, a water stressed area can save 1000m^3 of water

56
Q

describe the distribution of water users compared to water output

A

66% of the global population live in areas where 25% of the worlds rain is distributed

Geography (8 decks)

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