The Viscera

Question 1

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 1

A potential space between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum

-organs begin development at the posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity and grow into the peritoneal cavity

-as the organs grow into the abdominal cavity, the visceral layers will oppose one another and that is part of the periotoneal formations

-made up of the greater and lesser sacs

Question 2

What is the peritoneal cavity filled with?

Answer 2

serous fluid- a clear to pale yellow watery fluid that is found in the body especially in the spaces between organs and the membranes which line or enclose them

Question 3

Location of the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity

Answer 3

posterior to the stomach and anterior to the pancreas

Question 4

lesser sac

Answer 4

omental bursa
diverticulum- an extension of another cavity that pushed its way outside of the main cavity

**potential location for collection of blood, abscesses, other pathologies

Question 5

greater sac

Answer 5

the main abdominal cavity
bulk of the abdominal cavity

Question 6

what is the mesentary?

Answer 6

opposing visceral layers coming off the organ; the layers extend posteriorly to the posterior abdominal wall

double layer of peritoneum that provides a conduit for neurovascular supply between the organ and the body wall; from the posterior abdominal wall to the organ

Mesenteries are double layers of peritoneum in the abdominal cavity and are continuations of the visceral and parietal peritoneum with the serous membranes adhered back to back so that the outer mesothelium secretes serous fluid into the peritoneal cavity.

Question 7

Intraperitoneal viscera

Answer 7

enclosed by visceral peritoneum

suspended by mesenteries- double layer of peritoneum

Question 8

Definition of primarily retroperitoneal

Answer 8

organs that developed posterior to the periotneal cavity; no need for mesentary

Question 9

Examples of primarily retroperitoneal organs

Answer 9

kidneys

suprarenal glands

Question 10

Definition of secondarily retroperitoneal

Answer 10

develops inside the peritoneal cavity early in development then becomes retroperitoneal

ex: ascending and descending colon fuse to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 11

Why are secondarily retroperitoneal organs called paracolic gutters?

Answer 11

They are common infection sites

Question 12

Examples of secondarily retroperitoneal viscera:

Answer 12

duodenum (descending, horizontal, ascending), colon (ascending, descending), pancreas, rectum (upper 2/3)

Question 13

What is omenta?

Answer 13

The fused peritoneal folds that connect the stomach and duodenum with other abdominal organs.

a large flat adipose tissue layer nestling on the surface of the intra-peritoneal organs. Besides fat storage, omentum has key biological functions in immune-regulation and tissue regeneration

Question 14

Greater omentum

Answer 14

Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon
Policeman of the abdomen - protects other organs from inflamed or diseased organs

gastrophrenic ligament
gastrosplenic ligament
gastrocolic ligament

-covers the small intestine

• named based on the curvature of the stomach they extend from

Question 15

Lesser omentum

Answer 15

Attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

hepatogastric ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 16

Falciform ligament

Answer 16

from the liver to the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall; runs anterior to posterior

union of the visceral peritoneum

Inferiorly encloses the round ligament of the liver

Question 17

What is the primary funciton of the abdominal viscera?

Answer 17

digestion

Question 18

What viscera are in the area of the lower thoracic cage?

Answer 18

stomach
liver
spleen

Question 19

Order the components of the digestive system from oral cavity to anus?

Answer 19

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
*liver, gallbladder, pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

Question 20

Food moves from palate–> oropharynx–> _______

Answer 20

laryngopharynx

Question 21

Function of esophagus

Answer 21

transports food to the stomach
helps warm or cool food
can expand significantly
thick muscular walls–> peristalsis
muscular walls transition from skeletal to smooth muscle (voluntary at top, involuntary at bottom): upper 1/3 skeletal, middle 1/3 smooth+ skeletal, lower 1/3 smooth muscle

Question 22

What is the muscular coat of the esophagus a combination of and what are these muscles innervated by?

Answer 22

longitudinal muscle
circular muscle

R and L VAGUS NN.
upper portion- recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus nerve)
below lung roots- esophageal plexus with posterior vagal trunk branching off
*also sympathetic innervation (T1-4) and parasympathetic

Question 23

Stomach functions:

Answer 23

LUQ, RUQ
-has lesser curve more superior and greater curve more inferior

-stores food
-HCl disinfects the foot and denatures proteins
-HCl activates the protease pepsin–> breaks down proteins into polypeptides
-produces chyme that is released in peristaltic spurts into the duodenum

Question 24

What are the orientations of the muscular layers of the stomach?

Answer 24

outer longitudinal
middle circular
inner oblique

**all help with peristaltic motion

Question 25

Purpose of the longitudinal rugal folds of the stomach:

Answer 25

increases surface area for release of HCl acid +pepsin and allows for expansion of stomach after a large meal

Question 26

Cardia of stomach:

Answer 26

The part of the stomach that is closest to the esophagus. Food and liquids pass through the cardia to enter the stomach from the esophagus.

Question 27

Function of the small intestine and quadrants:

Answer 27

ALL 4 QUADRANTS

enzymatic digestion of food
absorption of nutirents

parts:
-duodenum (connected to stomach)–> RUQ, LUQ –> CREATES A C SHAPE BEFORE BECOMING JEJUNUM
-jejunum
-ileum

Question 28

Function of plicae circulares of the duodenum:

Answer 28

The lining of the small intestine consists of a series of permanent spiral or circular folds, termed the plicae circulares, which amplify the organ’s surface area, promoting efficient nutrient absorption.

• IMPROVE ABSORPTION

Question 29

The function of the liver:

Answer 29

RUQ

-receives blood from the digestive system
-detoxifies and removes debris
-stores glucose as glycogen
-produces plasma proteins
exchanges metabolites with blood
produces bile

STRUCTURE+ LOCATION
-just inferior to the diaphragm
-4 LOBES: left, right, caudate, quadrate
-right lobe bigger than left
-gallbladder sits just inferior to the right lobe

Question 30

Coronary ligament and relation to the falciform ligament (liver):

Answer 30

Extension of the visceral peritoneum that is adhering the liver to the bottom of the diaphragm

coronary ligament extends and transitions into the right and left triangular ligament too

Question 31

What are the lobes of the liver that can be seen from a posterior view?

Answer 31

caudate lobe

quadrate lobe (close to gallbladder)

Question 31

What are the lobes of the liver that can be seen from a posterior view?

Answer 31

caudate lobe

quadrate lobe

Question 32

Blood supply and venous drainage of the liver:

Answer 32

VEINS
hepatic portal vein

ARTERIES
hepatic artery proper

Question 33

What part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal and what part is secondarily retroperitoneal?

Answer 33

superior part- intraperitoneal

descending, horizontal, ascending- all secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 34

Intraperitoneal organs:

Answer 34

-duodenum: superior part
-stomach
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum, appendix
-colon: transverse, sigmoid
-liver, gallbladder
-spleen